UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF
THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008

 

Commission File Number: 1-1927

THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

 

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (330) 796-2121

 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 

 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

 

None

 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes þ                         No o

 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.

Yes o                         No þ

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes þ                         No o

 

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  þ

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check One):

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).

Yes o                         No þ

 

The aggregate market value of the common stock held by nonaffiliates of the registrant, computed by reference to the last sales price of such common stock as of the closing of trading on June 30, 2008, was approximately $4,284,192,000.

 

Shares of Common Stock, Without Par Value, outstanding at January 31, 2009:

 

241,349,680

 

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE:

 

Portions of the Company’s Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on April 7, 2009 are incorporated by reference in Part III.

 

THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY

 

Annual Report on Form 10-K

 

For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2008

 

Table of Contents

 

 

 

 

BUSINESS OF GOODYEAR

 

The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company (the “Company”) is an Ohio corporation organized in 1898. Its principal offices are located at 1144 East Market Street, Akron, Ohio 44316-0001. Its telephone number is (330) 796-2121. The terms “Goodyear”, “Company” and “we”, “us” or “our” wherever used herein refer to the Company together with all of its consolidated domestic and foreign subsidiary companies, unless the context indicates to the contrary.

 

We are one of the world’s leading manufacturers of tires, engaging in operations in most regions of the world. Our 2008 net sales were $19.5 billion, and we had a net loss in 2008 of $77 million. Together with our U.S. and international subsidiaries and joint ventures, we develop, manufacture, market and distribute tires for most applications. We also manufacture and market rubber-related chemicals for various applications. We are one of the world’s largest operators of commercial truck service and tire retreading centers. In addition, we operate more than 1,600 tire and auto service center outlets where we offer our products for retail sale and provide automotive repair and other services. We manufacture our products in 61 manufacturing facilities in 25 countries, including the United States, and we have marketing operations in almost every country around the world. We employ approximately 74,700 full-time and temporary associates worldwide.

 

AVAILABLE INFORMATION

 

We make available free of charge on our website, http://www.goodyear.com, our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after we file or furnish such reports to the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). The information on our website is not a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

 

In October 2008, we acquired the remaining 25% ownership interest in Goodyear Dalian Tire Company Ltd., our tire manufacturing and distribution subsidiary in China. The amount of our additional investment and the impact on our results of operations and financial position were not material.

 

On December 23, 2008, the Worker, Retiree and Employer Recovery Act of 2008 (H.R. 7327) was signed into law. H.R. 7327 provides limited funding relief for defined benefit pension plan sponsors affected by the steep market declines experienced in 2008, and made technical corrections to the Pension Protection Act of 2006. The provisions of H.R. 7327 are estimated to reduce Company contributions to our U.S. pension plans for 2009-2013 by approximately $68 million cumulatively. Congress is considering making further changes to the pension rules due to the impact of the financial markets and the economic slowdown on companies who sponsor defined benefit plans. However, there can be no assurance as to whether Congress will make any such further changes or, if made, the impact any such further changes will have on us. Additional information regarding our defined benefit plan obligations appears in the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 14, Pension, Other Postretirement Benefit and Savings Plans.

 

DESCRIPTION OF GOODYEAR’S BUSINESS

 

General Segment Information

 

During the first quarter of 2008, we formed a new strategic business unit, Europe, Middle East and Africa Tire (“EMEA”), by combining our former European Union Tire and Eastern Europe, Middle East and Africa Tire business units. Prior year amounts have been restated to conform to this change. For the year ended December 31, 2008, we operated our business through four operating segments representing our regional tire businesses: North American Tire; Europe, Middle East and Africa Tire; Latin American Tire; and Asia Pacific Tire. As a

result of our sale of substantially all of our Engineered Products business on July 31, 2007, we have reported results of that segment as discontinued operations for 2007 and prior periods.

 

Financial Information About Our Segments

 

Financial information related to our operating segments for the three year period ended December 31, 2008 appears in the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 17, Business Segments.

 

General Information Regarding Our Segments

 

Our principal business is the development, manufacture, distribution and sale of tires and related products and services worldwide. We manufacture and market numerous lines of rubber tires for:

 

In each case, our tires are offered for sale to vehicle manufacturers for mounting as original equipment (“OE”) and for replacement worldwide. We manufacture and sell tires under the Goodyear, Dunlop, Kelly, Fulda, Debica and Sava brands and various other Goodyear owned “house” brands, and the private-label brands of certain customers. In certain geographic areas we also:

 

 

Our principal products are new tires for most applications. Approximately 87.1% of our sales in 2008 were for new tires, which is consistent with 88.6% in both 2007 and 2006. The percentages of each segment’s sales attributable to new tires during the periods indicated were:

 

 

Each segment exports tires to other segments. The financial results of each segment exclude sales of tires exported to other segments, but include operating income derived from such transactions. The financial results of each segment include sales and operating income derived from the sale of tires imported from other segments. Sales to unaffiliated customers are attributed to the segment that makes the sale to the unaffiliated customer.

 

Goodyear does not include motorcycle, all terrain vehicle or consigned tires in reporting tire unit sales.

Tire unit sales for each segment during the periods indicated were:

 

GOODYEAR’S ANNUAL TIRE UNIT SALES — SEGMENT

 

 

Our replacement and OE tire unit sales during the periods indicated were:

 

GOODYEAR’S ANNUAL TIRE UNIT SALES — REPLACEMENT AND OE

 

 

New tires are sold under highly competitive conditions throughout the world. On a worldwide basis, we have two major competitors: Bridgestone (based in Japan) and Michelin (based in France). Other significant competitors include Continental, Cooper, Hankook, Kumho, Pirelli, Toyo, Yokohama and various regional tire manufacturers.

 

We compete with other tire manufacturers on the basis of product design, performance, price, reputation, warranty terms, customer service and consumer convenience. Goodyear and Dunlop brand tires enjoy a high recognition factor and have a reputation for performance and quality. The Kelly, Debica and Sava brands and various other house brand tire lines offered by us, and tires manufactured and sold by us to private brand customers, compete primarily on the basis of value and price.

 

We do not consider our tire businesses to be seasonal to any significant degree.

 

Global Alliance

 

In 1999, we entered into a global alliance with Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd. (“SRI”). Under the global alliance agreements, we acquired 75%, and SRI acquired 25%, of Goodyear Dunlop Tires Europe B.V., a Netherlands holding company (“GDTE”). Concurrently, the holding company acquired substantially all of SRI’s tire businesses in Europe and most of our tire businesses in Europe. We also acquired 75%, and SRI acquired 25%, of Goodyear Dunlop Tires North America, Ltd. (“GDTNA”), a holding company that purchased SRI’s tire manufacturing operations in North America and certain of its related tire sales and distribution operations. The global alliance involved other transactions, including our acquisition of 100% of the balance of SRI’s Dunlop Tire replacement distribution and sales operations in North America. In Japan, we own 25%, and SRI owns 75%, of two companies, one for the sale of Goodyear-brand passenger and truck tires for replacement in Japan and the other for the sale of Goodyear-brand and Dunlop-brand tires to vehicle manufacturers in Japan. We also own 51%, and SRI owns 49%, of a company that coordinates and disseminates both commercialized tire technology and non-commercialized technology among Goodyear and SRI, the joint ventures and their respective affiliates, and we own 80%, and SRI owns 20%, of a global purchasing company. The global alliance agreements also provided for the investment by Goodyear and SRI in the common stock of the other.

 

SRI has the right to require us to purchase its ownership interests in GDTE and GDTNA if there is a change in control of Goodyear, a bankruptcy of Goodyear or a breach, subject to notice and the opportunity to cure, of the global alliance agreements by Goodyear that has a material adverse effect on the rights of SRI or its affiliates under

the global alliance agreements, taken as a whole. In addition, beginning in September 2009, SRI has exit rights upon the occurrence, either prospectively or at any time during the preceding ten years, of the following events:

 

 

SRI must give written notice to Goodyear of its intention to exercise its exit rights no later than three months from the date such exit rights became exercisable, except that notice of SRI’s intention to exercise its exit rights upon the occurrence of the event described in the last bullet point above may be given as long as SRI’s share ownership is less than 10%. As of the date of this filing, SRI has not provided us notice of any accrued exit rights that would become exercisable in September 2009.

 

North American Tire

 

North American Tire, our largest segment in terms of revenue, develops, manufactures, distributes and sells tires and related products and services in the United States and Canada. North American Tire manufactures tires in eight plants in the United States and two plants in Canada. Certain Dunlop brand related businesses of North American Tire are conducted by Goodyear Dunlop Tires North America, Ltd., which is 75% owned by Goodyear and 25% owned by SRI.

 

North American Tire manufactures and sells tires for automobiles, trucks, motorcycles, buses, earthmoving and mining equipment, commercial and military aviation and industrial equipment, and for various other applications.

 

Goodyear brand radial passenger tire lines sold in the United States and Canada include Assurance, including Assurance featuring ComforTred Technology and TripleTred Technology for the premium market; Eagle, including Eagle featuring ResponsEdge Technology for the high performance market, and Run on Flat extended mobility technology (“ROF” or “EMT”) tires. The major lines of Goodyear brand radial tires offered in the United States and Canada for sport utility vehicles and light trucks are Wrangler and Fortera, including Fortera featuring TripleTred Technology and SilentArmor Technology. Goodyear also offers Dunlop brand radial passenger tire lines including Signature and SP Sport performance tires, and Dunlop brand radials for light trucks such as the Rover and Grandtrek lines. Additionally, North American Tire also manufactures and sells several lines of Kelly, Republic, Remington and Fierce brands, as well as house and private brand radial passenger and light truck tires in the United States and Canada.

 

North American Tire manufactures all steel radial medium truck tires in the Goodyear, Dunlop and Kelly brands for sale to customers for use on commercial trucks and trailers. North American Tire has recently added new technology product lines — Fuel Max, Duraseal and Armor Max — to the Goodyear brand.

 

North American Tire also:

 

 

Markets and Other Information

 

Tire unit sales to replacement customers and to OE customers served by North American Tire during the periods indicated were:

 

NORTH AMERICAN TIRE UNIT SALES — REPLACEMENT AND OE

 

 

North American Tire is a major supplier of tires to most manufacturers of automobiles, motorcycles, trucks and aircraft that have production facilities located in North America.

 

North American Tire’s primary competitors are Bridgestone and Michelin. Other significant competitors include Continental, Cooper and several Asian manufacturers.

 

Goodyear, Dunlop and Kelly brand tires are sold in the United States and Canada through several channels of distribution. The principal channel for Goodyear brand tires is a large network of independent dealers. Goodyear, Dunlop and Kelly brand tires are also sold to numerous national and regional retail marketing firms in the United States. Several lines of house brand tires and private label brand tires are sold to independent dealers, national and regional wholesale marketing organizations and various other retail marketers.

 

We are subject to regulation by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (“NHTSA”), which has established various standards and regulations applicable to tires sold in the United States for highway use. NHTSA has the authority to order the recall of automotive products, including tires, having safety defects related to motor vehicle safety. In addition, the Transportation Recall Enhancement, Accountability, and Documentation Act (the “TREAD Act”) imposes numerous requirements with respect to tire recalls. The TREAD Act also requires tire manufacturers to, among other things, remedy tire safety defects without charge for five years and comply with revised and more rigorous tire standards.

 

Europe, Middle East And Africa Tire

 

Europe, Middle East and Africa Tire, our second largest segment in terms of revenue, develops, manufactures, distributes and sells tires for automobiles, motorcycles, trucks, farm implements and construction equipment throughout Europe, the Middle East and Africa, exports tires to other regions of the world and provides miscellaneous other products and services. EMEA manufactures tires in 16 plants in England, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Poland, Slovenia, South Africa and Turkey. Substantially all of the operations and assets in Western Europe are owned and operated by Goodyear Dunlop Tires Europe B.V., which is 75% owned by Goodyear and 25% owned by SRI. EMEA:

 

 

Markets and Other Information

 

Tire unit sales to replacement customers and to OE customers served by EMEA during the periods indicated were:

 

EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA TIRE UNIT SALES — REPLACEMENT AND OE

 

 

EMEA is a significant supplier of tires to most manufacturers of automobiles, trucks and farm and construction equipment located in Europe, the Middle East and Africa.

 

EMEA’s main competitors are Michelin, Bridgestone, Continental, Pirelli, several regional and local tire producers and imports from other regions, primarily Asia.

 

Goodyear and Dunlop brand tires are sold in several replacement areas served by EMEA through various channels of distribution, principally independent multi-brand tire dealers. In some areas, Goodyear brand tires, as well as Dunlop, Fulda, Debica and Sava brand tires, are distributed through independent dealers, regional distributors and retail outlets, of which approximately 280 are owned by Goodyear.

 

Latin American Tire

 

Our Latin American Tire segment manufactures and sells automobile, truck and farm tires throughout Central and South America and in Mexico, sells tires to various export markets, retreads and sells commercial truck, aviation and OTR tires, and provides other products and services. Latin American Tire manufactures tires in six facilities in Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela.

 

Latin American Tire manufactures and sells several lines of passenger, light and medium truck and farm tires. Latin American Tire also:

 

 

Markets and Other Information

 

Tire unit sales to replacement customers and to OE customers served by Latin American Tire during the periods indicated were:

 

LATIN AMERICAN TIRE UNIT SALES — REPLACEMENT AND OE

 

 

Latin American Tire is a significant supplier of tires to most manufacturers of automobiles, trucks and farm and construction equipment located in the region. Goodyear brand tires are sold for replacement primarily through independent dealers. Significant competitors include Pirelli, Bridgestone, Michelin and Continental.

Asia Pacific Tire

 

Our Asia Pacific Tire segment manufactures and sells tires for automobiles, light and medium trucks, farm, construction and mining equipment and the aviation industry throughout the Asia Pacific region. Asia Pacific Tire manufactures tires in nine plants in China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan and Thailand. In December 2008, we closed our last manufacturing facility in Australia. Asia Pacific Tire also:

 

 

Markets and Other Information

 

Tire unit sales to replacement customers and OE customers served by Asia Pacific Tire during the periods indicated were:

 

ASIA PACIFIC TIRE UNIT SALES — REPLACEMENT AND OE

 

 

Asia Pacific Tire has a significant share of each of the areas it serves. Its major competitors are Bridgestone and Michelin along with many other global brands present in different areas, including Continental, Dunlop, Yokohama, Pirelli, and a large number of regional and local tire producers.

 

Asia Pacific Tire sells primarily Goodyear branded tires throughout the region and also sells the Dunlop brand in Australia and New Zealand. Other brands of tires are sold in smaller quantities such as Kelly, Fulda and Sava. Tires are sold through a network of licensed or franchised stores and multi-brand retailers through a network of wholesale dealers. In Australia and New Zealand, we also operate a network of approximately 420 retail stores under the Beaurepaires and Frank Allen brands.

 

GENERAL BUSINESS INFORMATION

 

Sources and Availability of Raw Materials

 

The principal raw materials used by Goodyear are synthetic and natural rubber. We purchase all of our requirements for natural rubber in the world market. Synthetic rubber typically accounts for slightly more than half of all rubber consumed by us on an annual basis. Our plants located in Beaumont, and Houston, Texas, supply the major portion of our synthetic rubber requirements in North America. We purchase a significant amount of our synthetic rubber requirements outside North America from third parties.

 

Significant quantities of steel cord are used for radial tires, a portion of which we produce. Other important raw materials we use are carbon black, fabrics and petrochemical-based commodities. Substantially all of these raw materials are purchased from independent suppliers, except for certain chemicals we manufacture. We purchase most raw materials in significant quantities from several suppliers, except in those instances where only one or a few qualified sources are available. We anticipate the continued availability of all raw materials we will require during 2009, subject to spot shortages and unexpected disruptions caused by natural disasters such as hurricanes and other similar events.

 

Substantial quantities of fuel and other petrochemical-based commodities are used in the production of tires, synthetic rubber and other products. Supplies of such fuels and commodities have been and are expected to continue to be available to us in quantities sufficient to satisfy our anticipated requirements, subject to spot shortages.

In 2008, raw material costs increased by approximately 13% in our tire businesses compared to 2007, primarily driven by an increase in the cost of natural and synthetic rubber. Based on our current projections, we expect raw material costs for the first half of 2009 to increase about 15% to 18% when compared to the same period of 2008. Raw material costs will peak in the first quarter while increasing in the second quarter more modestly. The second half of the year should reflect decreasing raw material costs. However, natural rubber prices and petrochemical-based commodities were at historically high levels during much of 2008 and have experienced significant volatility, and this estimate could change significantly based on fluctuations in the cost of these and other key raw materials.

 

Patents and Trademarks

 

We own approximately 2,470 product, process and equipment patents issued by the United States Patent Office and approximately 4,370 patents issued or granted in other countries around the world. We also have licenses under numerous patents of others. We have approximately 600 applications for United States patents pending and approximately 2,590 patent applications on file in other countries around the world. While such patents, patent applications and licenses as a group are important, we do not consider any patent, patent application or license, or any related group of them, to be of such importance that the loss or expiration thereof would materially affect Goodyear or any business segment.

 

We own, control or use approximately 1,700 different trademarks, including several using the word “Goodyear” or the word “Dunlop.” Approximately 10,600 registrations and 840 pending applications worldwide protect these trademarks. While such trademarks as a group are important, the only trademarks we consider material to our business, or to the business of any of our segments, are those using the word “Goodyear,” and with respect to certain of our international business segments, those using the word “Dunlop.” We believe our trademarks are valid and most are of unlimited duration as long as they are adequately protected and appropriately used.

 

Backlog

 

Our backlog of orders is not considered material to, or a significant factor in, evaluating and understanding any of our business segments or our businesses considered as a whole.

 

Research and Development

 

Our direct and indirect expenditures on research, development and certain engineering activities relating to the design, development and significant modification of new and existing products and services and the formulation and design of new, and significant improvements to existing, manufacturing processes and equipment during the periods indicated were:

 

 

Employees

 

At December 31, 2008, we employed approximately 74,700 full-time and temporary people throughout the world, including approximately 27,800 persons in the United States. At December 31, 2007, we employed approximately 78,400 full-time and temporary people throughout the world. Approximately 11,000 of our employees in the United States are covered by a master collective bargaining agreement with the United Steelworkers (“USW”), which expires in July 2009. Approximately 20,700 of our employees outside of the United States are covered by union contracts expiring in 2009 primarily in Germany, France, Luxembourg and Brazil. In addition, approximately 1,100 of our employees in the United States were covered by other contracts with the USW and various other unions. Unions represent the major portion of our employees in Europe, Latin America and Asia.

 

Compliance with Environmental Regulations

 

We are subject to extensive regulation under environmental and occupational health and safety laws and regulations. These laws and regulations relate to, among other things, air emissions, discharges to surface and underground

waters and the generation, handling, storage, transportation and disposal of waste materials and hazardous substances. We have several continuing programs designed to ensure compliance with federal, state and local environmental and occupational safety and health laws and regulations. We expect capital expenditures for pollution control facilities and occupational safety and health projects will be approximately $18 million during 2009 and approximately $50 million during 2010.

 

We expended approximately $60 million during 2008, and expect to expend approximately the same amount during both 2009 and 2010 to maintain and operate our pollution control facilities and conduct our other environmental activities, including the control and disposal of hazardous substances. These expenditures are expected to be sufficient to comply with existing environmental laws and regulations and are not expected to have a material adverse effect on our competitive position.

 

In the future we may incur increased costs and additional charges associated with environmental compliance and cleanup projects necessitated by the identification of new waste sites, the impact of new environmental laws and regulatory standards, or the availability of new technologies. Compliance with federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations in the future may require a material increase in our capital expenditures and could adversely affect our earnings and competitive position.

 

INFORMATION ABOUT INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS

 

We engage in manufacturing and/or sales operations in most countries in the world, often through subsidiary companies. We have manufacturing operations in 25 countries, including the United States. Most of our international manufacturing operations are engaged in the production of tires. Certain other products are also manufactured in plants located outside the United States. Financial information related to our geographic areas for the three year period ended December 31, 2008 appears in the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 17, Business Segments, and is incorporated herein by reference.

 

In addition to the ordinary risks of the marketplace, in some countries our operations are affected by price controls, import controls, labor regulations, tariffs, extreme inflation and/or fluctuations in currency values. Furthermore, in certain countries where we operate, transfers of funds into or out of such countries are generally or periodically subject to various restrictive governmental regulations.

EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT

 

Set forth below are: (1) the names and ages of all executive and certain other officers of the Company at February 18, 2009, (2) all positions with the Company presently held by each such person and (3) the positions held by, and principal areas of responsibility of, each such person during the last five years.

 

 

No family relationship exists between any of the above executive officers or between the executive officers and any director of the Company.

 

Each executive officer is elected by the Board of Directors of the Company at its annual meeting to a term of one year or until his or her successor is duly elected. In those instances where the person is elected at other than an annual meeting, such person’s term will expire at the next annual meeting.

 

You should carefully consider the risks described below and other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K when considering an investment decision with respect to our securities. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us, or that we currently deem immaterial, may also impair our business operations. Any of the events discussed in the risk factors below may occur. If they do, our business, results of operations, financial condition or liquidity could be materially adversely affected. In such an instance, the trading price of our securities could decline, and you might lose all or part of your investment.

 

If we do not achieve projected savings from various cost reduction initiatives or successfully implement other strategic initiatives our operating results, financial condition and liquidity may be materially adversely affected.

 

Our business continues to be impacted by trends that have negatively affected the tire industry in general, including industry overcapacity, which limits our ability to obtain price relief, recessionary economic conditions in many parts of the world, volatile and high raw material and energy costs, severe weakness in the North American auto industry, weakness in the demand for replacement tires in the U.S. and Europe, and increased competition from low-cost manufacturers. Reduced consumer confidence and spending, increases in fuel prices and other factors have caused consumers to delay the purchase of new tires, purchase fewer automobiles or drive fewer miles, resulting in a significant reduction in demand for replacement and original equipment tires. Unlike most other tire manufacturers, we also face the continuing burden of legacy pension and postretirement benefit costs.

 

In order to offset the impact of these trends, we continue to implement various cost reduction initiatives and expect to achieve $2.5 billion in aggregate gross cost savings from 2006 through 2009 compared with 2005 through our four-point cost savings plan, which includes expected savings from continuous improvement initiatives, increased low-cost country sourcing, high-cost capacity reductions and reduced selling, administrative and general expenses.

 

In response to the unprecedented deterioration in U.S. and global economic conditions, we have announced a number of additional cost reduction and other actions intended to impact both our near-term performance and long-term structure. These actions are discussed more fully in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Overview.”

 

Our performance is also dependent on our ability to continue to improve the proportion, or mix, of higher margin tires we sell. In order to continue this improvement, we must be successful in marketing and selling products that offer higher margins such as the Assurance, Eagle and Fortera lines of tires and in developing additional higher margin tires that achieve broad market acceptance in North America and elsewhere. Shifts in consumer demand away from higher margin tires could materially adversely affect our business.

 

We cannot assure you that our cost reduction and other initiatives will be successful. If not, we may not be able to achieve or sustain future profitability, which would impair our ability to meet our debt and other obligations and would otherwise negatively affect our financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.

 

Our long term ability to meet our obligations and to repay maturing indebtedness may be dependent on our ability to access capital markets in the future and to improve our operating results.

 

The adequacy of our liquidity depends on our ability to achieve an appropriate combination of operating improvements, financing from third parties, access to capital markets and asset sales. We may need to undertake additional financing actions in the capital markets in order to ensure that our future liquidity requirements are addressed. These actions may include the issuance of additional debt or equity.

 

Our access to the capital markets cannot be assured and is dependent on, among other things, the ability and willingness of financial institutions to extend credit on terms that are acceptable to us, or to honor future draws on our existing lines of credit, and the degree of success we have in implementing our cost reduction plans and improving the results of our North American Tire segment. Future liquidity requirements, or our inability to access cash deposits or make draws on our lines of credit, also may make it necessary for us to incur additional debt. A substantial portion of our assets is subject to liens securing our indebtedness. As a result, we are limited in our ability to pledge our remaining assets as security for additional secured indebtedness.

Our inability to access the capital markets or incur additional debt in the future could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and operations, and could require us to consider further measures, including deferring planned capital expenditures, reducing discretionary spending, selling additional assets and restructuring existing debt.

 

We face significant global competition and our market share could decline.

 

New tires are sold under highly competitive conditions throughout the world. We compete with other tire manufacturers on the basis of product design, performance, price and terms, reputation, warranty terms, customer service and consumer convenience. On a worldwide basis, we have two major competitors, Bridgestone (based in Japan) and Michelin (based in France), that have large shares of the markets of the countries in which they are based and are aggressively seeking to maintain or improve their worldwide market share. Other significant competitors include Continental, Cooper, Hankook, Kumho, Pirelli, Toyo, Yokohama and various regional tire manufacturers. Our competitors produce significant numbers of tires in low-cost countries. Our ability to compete successfully will depend, in significant part, on our ability to reduce costs by such means as reduction of excess capacity, leveraging global purchasing, improving productivity, eliminating redundancies and increasing production at low-cost supply sources. If we are unable to compete successfully, our market share may decline, materially adversely affecting our results of operations and financial condition.

 

Our pension plans are significantly underfunded and, in the future, the underfunding levels of our pension plans and our pension expenses could materially increase.

 

Many of our U.S. and our non-U.S. employees participate in defined benefit pension plans, although effective December 31, 2008 we froze our U.S. salaried pension plans. We have experienced periods of declines in interest rates and pension asset values. As a result, our pension plans are significantly underfunded. Further declines in interest rates or the market values of the securities held by the plans, or certain other changes, could materially increase the underfunded status of our plans and affect the level and timing of required contributions in 2010 and beyond. The unfunded amount of the projected benefit obligation for our U.S. and non-U.S. pension plans was $2,129 million and $619 million, respectively, at December 31, 2008, and we currently estimate that we will be required to make contributions to our funded U.S. pension plans of approximately $200 million to $225 million in 2009, and $375 million to $425 million in 2010. The current underfunded status of our pension plans will, and a further material increase in the underfunded status of the plans would, significantly increase our required contributions and pension expenses, which could impair our ability to achieve or sustain future profitability.

 

Higher raw material and energy costs may materially adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

 

Raw material costs increased significantly over the past few years driven by increases in prices of petrochemical-based commodities and natural rubber. Market conditions may prevent us from passing these increased costs on to our customers through timely price increases. Additionally, higher raw material costs around the world may offset our efforts to reduce our cost structure. As a result, higher raw material and energy costs could result in declining margins and operating results. The volatility of raw material costs may cause our margins and operating results to fluctuate.

 

Work stoppages, financial difficulties, supply disruptions or economic conditions affecting our major OE customers, dealers or suppliers could harm our business.

 

The recent unprecedented deterioration in the U.S. and global credit markets, the financial services industry and overall general economic conditions has negatively impacted our operations in several ways. For instance, market turmoil and tightening of credit, as well as the recent and dramatic decline in the housing market in the U.S. and Western Europe and in the stock market, has led to a lack of consumer confidence and widespread reduction of business activity generally and specifically to a rapid decline in vehicle purchases from our OE customers, which reduces our net sales. In 2008, our OE customers, particularly in the U.S., experienced significant difficulty due to high fuel costs and rapidly deteriorating economic conditions.

Although sales to our OE customers account for less than 20% of our net sales, demand for our products by OE customers and production levels at our facilities are directly related to automotive vehicle production. In addition to the economic conditions described in the preceding paragraph, automotive production can be affected by labor relations issues, financial difficulties or supply disruptions. Our OE customers could experience production disruptions resulting from their own or supplier labor, financial or supply difficulties. Such events may cause an OE customer to reduce or suspend vehicle production. As a result, an OE customer could halt or significantly reduce purchases of our products, which would harm our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.

 

In addition, the bankruptcy, restructuring or consolidation of one or more of our major OE customers, dealers or suppliers could result in the write-off of accounts receivable, a reduction in purchases of our products or a supply disruption to our facilities, which could negatively affect our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.

 

Pricing pressures from vehicle manufacturers may materially adversely affect our business.

 

Pricing pressure from vehicle manufacturers has been a characteristic of the tire industry in recent years. Many vehicle manufacturers have policies of seeking price reductions each year. Although we have taken steps to reduce costs and resist price reductions, current and future price reductions could materially adversely impact our sales and profit margins. If we are unable to offset future price reductions through improved operating efficiencies and cost reductions, those price reductions may result in declining margins and operating results.

 

If we fail to extend or renegotiate our primary collective bargaining contracts with our labor unions as they expire from time to time, or if our unionized employees were to engage in a strike or other work stoppage, our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity could be materially adversely affected.

 

We are a party to collective bargaining contracts with our labor unions, which represent a significant number of our employees. In particular, our master collective bargaining agreement with the USW covers approximately 11,000 employees in the United States at December 31, 2008 and expires in July 2009. Approximately 21,000 of our employees outside of the United States are covered by union contracts expiring in 2009 primarily in Germany, France, Luxembourg and Brazil. Although we believe that our relations with our employees are satisfactory, no assurance can be given that we will be able to successfully extend or renegotiate our collective bargaining agreements as they expire from time to time. If we fail to extend or renegotiate our collective bargaining agreements, if disputes with our unions arise, or if our unionized workers engage in a strike or other work stoppage, we could incur higher labor costs or experience a significant disruption of operations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.

 

We have a substantial amount of debt, which could restrict our growth, place us at a competitive disadvantage or otherwise materially adversely affect our financial health.

 

We have a substantial amount of debt. As of December 31, 2008, our debt (including capital leases) on a consolidated basis was approximately $5.0 billion. Our substantial amount of debt and other obligations could have important consequences. For example, it could:

 

 

The agreements governing our debt, including our credit agreements, limit, but do not prohibit, us from incurring additional debt and we may incur a significant amount of additional debt in the future, including additional secured

debt. If new debt is added to our current debt levels, our ability to satisfy our debt obligations may become more limited.

 

Our ability to make scheduled payments on, or to refinance, our debt and other obligations will depend on our financial and operating performance, which, in turn, is subject to our ability to implement our cost reduction initiatives and other strategies, prevailing economic conditions and certain financial, business and other factors beyond our control. If our cash flow and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service and other obligations, including required pension contributions, we may be forced to reduce or delay expansion plans and capital expenditures, sell material assets or operations, obtain additional capital or restructure our debt. We cannot assure you that our operating performance, cash flow and capital resources will be sufficient to pay our debt obligations when they become due. We cannot assure you that we would be able to dispose of material assets or operations or restructure our debt or other obligations if necessary or, even if we were able to take such actions, that we could do so on terms that are acceptable to us.

 

Any failure to be in compliance with any material provision or covenant of our debt instruments, or a material reduction in the borrowing base under our revolving credit facility, could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and operations.

 

The indentures and other agreements governing our secured credit facilities, senior unsecured notes and our other outstanding indebtedness impose significant operating and financial restrictions on us. These restrictions may affect our ability to operate our business and may limit our ability to take advantage of potential business opportunities as they arise. These restrictions limit our ability to, among other things:

 

 

Availability under our first lien revolving credit facility is subject to a borrowing base, which is based on eligible accounts receivable and inventory. To the extent that our eligible accounts receivable and inventory decline, our borrowing base will decrease and the availability under that facility may decrease below its stated amount. In addition, if at any time the amount of outstanding borrowings and letters of credit under that facility exceeds the borrowing base, we are required to prepay borrowings and/or cash collateralize letters of credit sufficient to eliminate the excess.

 

Our ability to comply with these covenants or to maintain our borrowing base may be affected by events beyond our control, including deteriorating economic conditions, and these events could require us to seek waivers or amendments of covenants or alternative sources of financing or to reduce expenditures. We cannot assure you that such waivers, amendments or alternative financing could be obtained, or if obtained, would be on terms acceptable to us.

 

A breach of any of the covenants or restrictions contained in any of our existing or future financing agreements, including the financial covenants in our secured credit facilities, could result in an event of default under those agreements. Such a default could allow the lenders under our financing agreements, if the agreements so provide, to discontinue lending, to accelerate the related debt as well as any other debt to which a cross-acceleration or cross-default provision applies, and/or to declare all borrowings outstanding thereunder to be due and payable. In addition, the lenders could terminate any commitments they have to provide us with further funds. If any of these events occur, we cannot assure you that we will have sufficient funds available to pay in full the total amount of obligations that become due as a result of any such acceleration, or that we will be able to find additional or alternative financing to refinance any such accelerated obligations. Even if we obtain additional or alternative financing, we cannot assure you that it would be on terms that would be acceptable to us.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to remain in compliance with the covenants to which we are subject in the future and, if we fail to do so, that we will be able to obtain waivers from our lenders or amend the covenants.

 

Our capital expenditures may not be adequate to maintain our competitive position and may not be implemented in a timely or cost-effective manner.

 

Our capital expenditures are limited by our liquidity and capital resources and the amount we have available for capital spending is limited by the need to pay our other expenses and to maintain adequate cash reserves and borrowing capacity to meet unexpected demands that may arise. We believe that our ratio of capital expenditures to sales is lower than the comparable ratio for our principal competitors.

 

Productivity improvements through process re-engineering, design efficiency and manufacturing cost improvements may be required to offset potential increases in labor and raw material costs and competitive price pressures. In addition, as part of our strategy to increase the percentage of tires that are produced at our lower-cost production facilities and to increase our capacity to produce higher margin tires, we may need to modernize or expand our facilities. We may not have sufficient resources to implement planned capital expenditures with minimal disruption to our existing manufacturing operations, or within desired time frames and budgets. Any disruption to our operations, delay in implementing capital improvements or unexpected costs may materially adversely affect our business and results of operations.

 

If we are unable to make sufficient capital expenditures, or to maximize the efficiency of the capital expenditures we do make, we may be unable to achieve productivity improvements, which may harm our competitive position. In addition, plant modernizations may temporarily disrupt our manufacturing operations and lead to temporary increases in our costs.

 

Our variable rate indebtedness subjects us to interest rate risk, which could cause our debt service obligations to increase significantly.

 

Certain of our borrowings are at variable rates of interest and expose us to interest rate risk. If interest rates increase, our debt service obligations on the variable rate indebtedness would increase even though the amount borrowed remained the same, which would require us to use more of our available cash to service our indebtedness. There can be no assurance that we will be able to enter into swap agreements or other hedging arrangements in the future, or that existing or future hedging arrangements will offset increases in interest rates. As of December 31, 2008, we had approximately $3.4 billion of variable rate debt outstanding.

 

We have substantial fixed costs and, as a result, our operating income fluctuates disproportionately with changes in our net sales.

 

We operate with significant operating and financial leverage. Significant portions of our manufacturing, selling, administrative and general expenses are fixed costs that neither increase nor decrease proportionately with sales. In addition, a significant portion of our interest expense is fixed. There can be no assurance that we would be able to reduce our fixed costs proportionately in response to a decline in our net sales and therefore our competitiveness could be significantly impacted. As a result, a decline in our net sales would result in a higher percentage decline in our income from operations and net income.

 

We may incur significant costs in connection with asbestos claims.

 

We are among many defendants named in legal proceedings involving claims of individuals relating to alleged exposure to asbestos. At December 31, 2008, approximately 99,000 claims were pending against us alleging various asbestos-related personal injuries purported to have resulted from alleged exposure to asbestos in certain rubber encapsulated products or aircraft braking systems manufactured by us in the past or to asbestos in certain of our facilities. We expect that additional claims will be brought against us in the future. Our ultimate liability with respect to such pending and unasserted claims is subject to various uncertainties, including the following:

 

 

Because of the uncertainties related to such claims, it is possible that we may incur a material amount in excess of our current reserve for such claims. In addition, if any of the foregoing risks were to materialize, the resulting costs could have a material adverse impact on our liquidity, financial position and results of operations in future periods.

 

We may be required to provide letters of credit or post cash collateral if we are subject to a significant adverse judgment or if we are unable to obtain surety bonds, which may have a material adverse effect on our liquidity.

 

We are subject to various legal proceedings. If we wish to appeal any future adverse judgment in any of these proceedings, we may be required to post an appeal bond with the relevant court. In that case, we may be required to issue a letter of credit to the surety posting the bond. We may issue up to an aggregate of $800 million in letters of credit under our $1.5 billion U.S. senior secured first lien credit facility. As of December 31, 2008, we had $497 million in letters of credit issued and $303 million of remaining availability under this facility. If we are subject to a significant adverse judgment and do not have sufficient availability under our credit facilities to issue a letter of credit to support an appeal bond, we may be required to pay down borrowings under the facilities or deposit cash collateral in order to stay the enforcement of the judgment pending an appeal. If we are unable to post cash collateral, we may be unable to stay enforcement of the judgment.

 

Surety market conditions are currently difficult as a result of significant losses incurred by many sureties in recent periods, both in the construction industry as well as in certain larger corporate bankruptcies. As a result, less bonding capacity is available in the market and terms have become more expensive and restrictive. Further, under standard terms in the surety market, sureties issue or continue bonds on a case-by-case basis and can decline to issue bonds at any time or require the posting of collateral as a condition to issuing or renewing any bonds. If surety providers were to limit or eliminate our access to bonding, we would need to post other forms of collateral, such as letters of credit or cash. As described above, we may be unable to secure sufficient letters of credit under our credit facilities.

 

If we were subject to a significant adverse judgment or experienced an interruption or reduction in the availability of bonding capacity, we may be required to provide letters of credit or post cash collateral, which may have a material adverse effect on our liquidity.

 

We are subject to extensive government regulations that may materially adversely affect our operating results.

 

We are subject to regulation by the Department of Transportation through the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, or NHTSA, which has established various standards and regulations applicable to tires sold in the United States and tires sold in a foreign country that are identical or substantially similar to tires sold in the United States. NHTSA has the authority to order the recall of automotive products, including tires, having safety-related defects.

 

NHTSA’s regulatory authority was expanded in November 2000 as a result of the enactment of the Transportation Recall Enhancement, Accountability, and Documentation Act, or TREAD Act. The TREAD Act imposes numerous requirements with respect to the early warning reporting of warranty claims, property damage claims, and bodily injury and fatality claims and also requires tire manufacturers, among other things, to conform with revised and more rigorous tire testing standards, once the revised standards are implemented. Compliance with the TREAD Act regulations has increased and will continue to increase the cost of producing and distributing tires in the United States. In addition, while we believe that our tires are free from design and manufacturing defects, it is possible that a recall of our tires, under the TREAD Act or otherwise, could occur in the future. A substantial recall could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, operating results and financial position.

In addition, as required by the enactment of an omnibus energy bill in December 2007, NHTSA will establish a national tire fuel efficiency consumer information program. While the new Federal law will pre-empt state tire fuel efficiency laws adopted after January 1, 2006, we may become subject to additional tire fuel efficiency legislation, either in the United States or other countries, which might require us to alter or increase our capital spending and research and development plans or cease production of certain tires.

 

Compliance with these and other foreign, Federal, state and local laws and regulations in the future may require a material increase in our capital expenditures and could materially adversely affect our earnings and competitive position.

 

Our international operations have certain risks that may materially adversely affect our operating results.

 

We have manufacturing and distribution facilities throughout the world. Our international operations are subject to certain inherent risks, including:

 

 

The likelihood of such occurrences and their potential effect on us vary from country to country and are unpredictable. Certain regions, including Latin America, Asia, the Middle East and Africa, are inherently more economically and politically volatile and as a result, our business units that operate in these regions could be subject to significant fluctuations in sales and operating income from quarter to quarter. Because a significant percentage of our operating income in recent years has come from these regions, adverse fluctuations in the operating results in these regions could have a disproportionate impact on our results of operations in future periods.

 

We have foreign currency translation and transaction risks that may materially adversely affect our operating results.

 

The financial position and results of operations of our international subsidiaries are reported in various foreign currencies and then translated into U.S. dollars at the applicable exchange rate for inclusion in our financial statements. As a result, the appreciation of the U.S. dollar against these foreign currencies has a negative impact on our reported sales and operating margin (and conversely, the depreciation of the U.S. dollar against these foreign currencies has a positive impact). For the year ended December 31, 2008, we estimate that foreign currency translation favorably impacted sales and segment operating income by approximately $383 million and $55 million, respectively, compared to the year ended December 31, 2007. The volatility of currency exchange rates may materially adversely affect our operating results.

 

The terms and conditions of our global alliance with Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd. provide for certain exit rights available to SRI upon the occurrence of certain events, which could require us to make a substantial payment to acquire SRI’s interest in certain of our joint venture alliances.

 

In 1999, we entered into a global alliance with SRI. Under the global alliance agreements between us and SRI, beginning in September 2009, SRI has the right to require us to purchase from SRI its ownership interests in the European and North American joint ventures if certain triggering events have occurred. In addition, the occurrence of certain other events enumerated in the global alliance agreements, including certain bankruptcy events, changes in control of Goodyear or breaches of the global alliance agreements, could provide SRI with the right to require us to repurchase these interests immediately. The global alliance agreements provide that the payment amount would

be based on the fair value of SRI’s 25% minority shareholder’s interest in each of the European and North American joint ventures and the book value of net assets of the Japanese joint ventures. The payment amount would be determined through a negotiation process where, if no mutually agreed amount was determined, a binding arbitration process would determine that amount. While we have not done any current valuation of these businesses, any payment required to be made to SRI pursuant to an exit under the terms of the global alliance agreements could be substantial. We cannot assure you that our operating performance, cash flow and capital resources would be sufficient to make such a payment or, if we were able to make the payment, that there would be sufficient funds remaining to satisfy our other obligations. The withdrawal of SRI from the global alliance could also have other adverse effects on our business, including the loss of technology and purchasing synergies.

 

If we are unable to attract and retain key personnel our business could be materially adversely affected.

 

Our business substantially depends on the continued service of key members of our management. The loss of the services of a significant number of members of our management could have a material adverse effect on our business. Our future success will also depend on our ability to attract and retain highly skilled personnel, such as engineering, marketing and senior management professionals. Competition for these employees is intense, and we could experience difficulty from time to time in hiring and retaining the personnel necessary to support our business. If we do not succeed in retaining our current employees and attracting new high quality employees, our business could be materially adversely affected.

 

We may be impacted by economic and supply disruptions associated with events beyond our control, such as war, acts of terror, political unrest, public health concerns, labor disputes or natural disasters.

 

We manage businesses and facilities worldwide. Our facilities and operations, and the facilities and operations of our suppliers and customers, could be disrupted by events beyond our control, such as war, acts of terror, political unrest, public health concerns, labor disputes or natural disasters. Any such disruption could cause delays in the production and distribution of our products and the loss of sales and customers. We may not be insured against all such potential losses and, if insured, the insurance proceeds that we receive may not adequately compensate us for all of our losses.

 

 

None.

 

 

We manufacture our products in 61 manufacturing facilities located around the world. There are 19 plants in the United States and 42 plants in 24 other countries.

 

North American Tire Manufacturing Facilities.  North American Tire owns (or leases with the right to purchase at a nominal price) and operates 22 manufacturing facilities in the United States and Canada.

 

 

These facilities have floor space aggregating approximately 24.0 million square feet.

 

Europe, Middle East And Africa Tire Manufacturing Facilities.  Europe, Middle East and Africa Tire owns and operates 20 manufacturing facilities in 9 countries, including:

 

 

These facilities have floor space aggregating approximately 20.8 million square feet.

 

Latin American Tire Manufacturing Facilities.  Latin American Tire owns and operates 8 manufacturing facilities in 5 countries, including 6 tire plants, 1 tire retread plant, and 1 aviation retread plant. These facilities have floor space aggregating approximately 5.5 million square feet.

 

Asia Pacific Tire Manufacturing Facilities.  Asia Pacific Tire owns and operates 9 tire plants and 2 aviation retread plants in 9 countries. These facilities have floor space aggregating approximately 5.5 million square feet.

 

Plant Utilization.  Our worldwide tire capacity utilization rate was approximately 78% during 2008 compared to approximately 86% in 2007 and 82% in 2006. Our 2008 utilization decreased due to the production cuts made during the year. We reduced production schedules by approximately 30 million units globally, including 15 million and 10 million units in North American Tire and EMEA, respectively, in 2008. Our 2007 utilization increased due to the recovery from the 2006 USW strike.

 

Other Facilities.  We also own and operate three research and development facilities and technical centers, and three tire proving grounds. We also operate approximately 1,600 retail outlets for the sale of our tires to consumer and commercial customers, approximately 60 tire retreading facilities and approximately 170 warehouse distribution facilities. Substantially all of these facilities are leased. We do not consider any one of these leased properties to be material to our operations. For additional information regarding leased properties, refer to the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 9, Property, Plant and Equipment and No. 10, Leased Assets.

 

 

Heatway Litigation and Settlement

 

On June 4, 2004, we entered into an amended settlement agreement in Galanti et al. v. Goodyear (Case No. 03-209, United States District Court for the District of New Jersey) that was intended to address the claims arising out of a number of Federal, state and Canadian actions filed against us involving a rubber hose product, Entran II, that we supplied from 1989 to 1993 to Chiles Power Supply, Inc. (d/b/a Heatway Systems), a designer and seller of hydronic radiant heating systems in the United States. Heating systems using Entran II are typically attached or embedded in either indoor flooring or outdoor pavement, and use Entran II hose as a conduit to circulate warm fluid as a source of heat.

 

Since the approval of the amended settlement by the Galanti court in October 2004 through the end of 2008, we have made an aggregate of $150 million of cash contributions to a settlement fund. In addition to these payments, we contributed approximately $174 million received from insurance proceeds to the settlement fund. We are not required to make additional contributions to the settlement fund under the terms of the settlement agreement, nor will we receive any additional insurance proceeds for Entran II related matters. Additionally, we do not expect there will be any trust assets remaining in the settlement fund after payments are made to claimants. Therefore, we have derecognized $175 million of the liability and the related amount of restricted cash from our Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2008.

 

Asbestos Litigation

 

We are currently one of several defendants in civil actions pending in various state and federal courts involving approximately 99,000 claimants (as of December 31, 2008) relating to their alleged exposure to materials containing asbestos in products manufactured by us or asbestos materials at our facilities. We manufactured, among other things, rubber coated asbestos sheet gasket materials from 1914 through 1973 and aircraft brake assemblies containing asbestos materials prior to 1987. Some of the claimants are independent contractors or their employees who allege exposure to asbestos while working at certain of our facilities. It is expected that in a substantial portion of these cases there will be no evidence of exposure to a Goodyear manufactured product containing asbestos or asbestos in Goodyear facilities. The amount expended by us and our insurers on defense and

claim resolution was approximately $20 million during 2008. The plaintiffs in the pending cases allege that they were exposed to asbestos and, as a result of such exposure suffer from various respiratory diseases, including in some cases mesothelioma and lung cancer. The plaintiffs are seeking unspecified actual and punitive damages and other relief.

 

Engineered Products Antitrust Investigation

 

In December 2008, the Antitrust Division of the United States Department of Justice notified us that a grand jury investigation concerning the closure of a portion of our former Bowmanville, Ontario conveyor belting plant has been terminated.

 

Marine Hose Investigation

 

In May 2007, the United States Department of Justice, Antitrust Division, announced that it had executed search and arrest warrants against a number of companies and their executives in connection with an investigation into allegations of price fixing in the marine hose industry. We received a grand jury document subpoena in May 2007 relating to that investigation. We have also received a similar request for information from European antitrust authorities in connection with a similar investigation of the marine hose industry in Europe. In addition, in November 2007, the Brazilian antitrust authority notified Goodyear’s Brazilian subsidiary that it was a party to a civil investigation into alleged anticompetitive practices in the marine hose industry in Brazil. Based on our review, we continue to believe Goodyear and its subsidiaries did not engage in unlawful conduct which is the subject of the investigations described above. None of Goodyear’s executives has been named in any criminal complaint; and no arrest or search warrants have been executed against any of our executives or at any of our facilities in connection with these investigations. We are cooperating with U.S., European and Brazilian authorities.

 

Other Matters

 

In addition to the legal proceedings described above, various other legal actions, claims and governmental investigations and proceedings covering a wide range of matters are pending against us, including claims and proceedings relating to several waste disposal sites that have been identified by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and similar agencies of various States for remedial investigation and cleanup, which sites were allegedly used by us in the past for the disposal of industrial waste materials. Based on available information, we do not consider any such action, claim, investigation or proceeding to be material, within the meaning of that term as used in Item 103 of Regulation S-K and the instructions thereto. For additional information regarding our legal proceedings, refer to the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 20, Commitments and Contingent Liabilities.

 

 

No matter was submitted to a vote of the security holders of the Company during the quarter ended December 31, 2008.

 

 

The principal market for our common stock is the New York Stock Exchange (Stock Exchange Symbol: GT).

 

Information relating to the high and low sale prices of shares of our common stock appears under the caption “Quarterly Data and Market Price Information” in Item 8 of this Annual Report at page 120, and is incorporated herein by reference. Under our primary credit facilities we are permitted to pay dividends on our common stock as long as no default will have occurred and be continuing, additional indebtedness can be incurred under the credit facilities following the payment, and certain financial tests are satisfied. We have not declared any cash dividends in the three most recent fiscal years. At December 31, 2008, there were 21,770 record holders of the 241,289,921 shares of our common stock then outstanding.

 

The following table presents information with respect to repurchases of common stock made by us during the three months ended December 31, 2008. These shares, if any, are delivered to us by employees as payment for the exercise price of stock options as well as the withholding taxes due upon the exercise of the stock options or the vesting or payment of stock awards.

 

 

Set forth in the table below is certain information regarding the number of shares of our common stock that were subject to outstanding stock options or other compensation plan grants and awards at December 31, 2008.

 

EQUITY COMPENSATION PLAN INFORMATION

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

OVERVIEW

 

The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company is one of the world’s leading manufacturers of tires, with one of the most recognizable brand names in the world and operations in most regions of the world. We have a broad global footprint with 61 manufacturing facilities in 25 countries, including the United States. We operate our business through four operating segments representing our regional tire businesses: North American Tire; Europe, Middle East and Africa Tire; Latin American Tire; and Asia Pacific Tire.

 

During the first quarter of 2008, we formed a new strategic business unit, Europe, Middle East and Africa Tire, by combining our former European Union Tire and Eastern Europe, Middle East and Africa Tire business units and have aligned the external presentation of our results with the current management and operating structure. Prior year amounts have been restated to conform to this change.

 

As a result of the sale of substantially all of our Engineered Products business on July 31, 2007, we have reported the results of that segment as discontinued operations. Unless otherwise indicated, all disclosures in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations relate to continuing operations.

 

We experienced difficult industry conditions during 2008 as the global economic slowdown increased both in severity and geographic scope throughout the course of the year. These industry conditions were characterized by dramatically lower motor vehicle sales and production, weakness in the demand for replacement tires, a trend toward lower miles driven in the U.S. and recessionary economic conditions in many parts of the world. In addition, raw material costs were at historically high levels during much of 2008 and remain volatile. In spite of these extraordinary industry conditions, we had several key achievements during 2008:

 

 

These achievements and the business model changes we have implemented over the last several years provide us a base from which we can address the challenging business environment that we are facing in 2009. We remain focused on top line growth, our cost structure and managing cash flow, and are pursuing several strategic initiatives in these areas, including:

 

 

Consolidated Results of Operations

 

For the year ended December 31, 2008, we had a net loss of $77 million compared to net income of $602 million in 2007. We recorded a loss from continuing operations in 2008 of $77 million compared to income from continuing operations of $139 million in 2007. In addition, our total segment operating income for 2008 was $804 million compared to $1,230 million in 2007. See “Results of Operations — Segment Information” for additional information.

 

Our 2008 results were impacted unfavorably by the recessionary economic conditions, particularly in the fourth quarter, resulting in lower sales that prompted us to reduce our global production. For the year we reduced global production capacity by 30 million units, of which 17 million units were reduced in the fourth quarter. As a result, we incurred significant under-absorbed fixed overhead costs in the fourth quarter. In addition, raw material costs increased 28% versus the same quarter a year ago.

 

Four-Point Cost Savings Plan

 

We have announced a four-point cost savings plan which includes continuous improvement programs, reducing high-cost manufacturing capacity, leveraging our global position by increasing low-cost country sourcing, and reducing selling, administrative and general expense. We expect to achieve $2.5 billion of aggregate gross cost savings from 2006 through 2009 compared with 2005. The expected cost reductions consist of:

 

 

Execution of our four-point cost savings plan and realization of the projected savings is critical to our success.

 

Voluntary Employees’ Beneficiary Association

 

During 2008, we made cash contributions totaling $1,007 million to an independent Voluntary Employees’ Beneficiary Association (“VEBA”), which is intended to provide healthcare benefits for current and future domestic USW retirees. The funding of the VEBA and subsequent settlement accounting reduced our OPEB liability by $1,107 million. The savings we expect to achieve from the VEBA are included in our anticipated continuous improvement savings described above under “Four-Point Cost Savings Plan.”

 

Pension and Benefit Plans

 

During 2008, our Company pension funds experienced market losses, which decreased plan assets by $1,504 million which, in addition to other actuarial losses, increased Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (“AOCL”) at December 31, 2008 by $2,014 million. The domestic pension plan asset losses experienced during 2008 decreased U.S. plan assets at December 31, 2008 by $1,366 million and increased net actuarial losses included in AOCL at December 31, 2008 by $1,737 million. As a result, annual domestic net periodic pension cost will increase to

approximately $300 million to $325 million in 2009 from $75 million in 2008, primarily due to amortization of higher net actuarial losses from AOCL and the expected return on lower plan assets.

 

In 2007, we announced various changes to our U.S.-based retail and salaried employee pension and retiree benefit plans. These changes were phased in over a two-year period. As a result of the changes, we achieved after-tax savings of approximately $90 million in 2007, and approximately $100 million in 2008, and expect to achieve after-tax savings of $80 million to $90 million in 2009 and beyond, based on assumptions which existed at the time the benefit plan changes were announced. The ongoing savings are included in our targeted savings from continuous improvement initiatives and reductions in selling, administrative and general expense described above under “Four-Point Cost Savings Plan.” We recorded a curtailment charge of $64 million related to these actions in the first quarter of 2007.

 

Capital Structure Improvements

 

During 2008, we continued to take actions that resulted in improvements to our capital structure by repaying higher interest bearing debt obligations, increasing funding capacity and extending maturities:

 

 

Liquidity

 

At December 31, 2008, we had $1,894 million in Cash and cash equivalents as well as $1,677 million of unused availability under our various credit agreements, compared to $3,463 million and $2,169 million, respectively, at December 31, 2007. Cash and cash equivalents decreased primarily due to our planned actions, including contributions to the VEBA of $1,007 million, capital expenditures of $1,049 million, the early redemption of our $650 million senior secured notes due 2011 and the maturity and repayment of our $100 million 63/8% notes. Partially offsetting the reductions in cash was $700 million in borrowings on our $1.5 billion first lien revolving credit facility during the third quarter of 2008 due to a delay in receiving funds invested in The Reserve Primary Fund, to support seasonal working capital needs and to enhance our cash liquidity position in an uncertain global economic environment.

 

We believe that our liquidity position is adequate to fund our operating and investing needs and debt maturities in 2009 and to provide us with flexibility to respond to further changes in the business environment.

 

New Products

 

At our North American dealer conference in early February 2009, we responded to both consumer research and retail-level requests with the introduction of several key tires — most notably, the Goodyear Assurance Fuel Max and Goodyear Wrangler MT/R with Kevlar. The Assurance Fuel Max is a mid-tier passenger tire targeted at the everyday consumer who is looking for an all-purpose tire and also wants to save on fuel costs. The Wrangler MT/R with Kevlar is the next generation in the popular Wrangler MT/R line, and features Kevlar-reinforced sidewalls and an asymmetric tread design for superior off-road performance. Complementing this new Wrangler is the Wrangler DuraTrac, which is a versatile on-/off-road tire that is especially suited for work applications.

 

In Europe, Goodyear continues to focus on tire innovations that are relevant to consumers and unique versus our competition. The EfficientGrip tire with Fuel Saving Technology has improved wet braking distance, while providing better mileage and rolling resistance to reduce fuel consumption.

 

We expect to introduce more than 50 new tires globally in 2009.

Industry Volume Estimates

 

Considering the current state of the global economy and the high level of uncertainty we see in our end markets, we can’t provide a meaningful industry outlook for the year. That being said, we see the first quarter of 2009 similar to the industry volumes in the fourth quarter of 2008.

 

See Item 1A “Risk Factors” at page 13 for a discussion of the factors that may impact our business, results of operations, financial condition or liquidity and “Forward-Looking Information — Safe Harbor Statement” at page 55 for a discussion of our use of forward-looking statements.

 

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — CONSOLIDATED

 

(All per share amounts are diluted)

 

2008 Compared to 2007

 

For the year ended December 31, 2008, we had a net loss of $77 million, or $0.32 per share, compared to net income of $602 million, or $2.65 per share, in the comparable period of 2007. Loss from continuing operations in 2008 was $77 million, or $0.32 per share, compared to income from continuing operations of $139 million, or $0.65 per share, in 2007.

 

Net Sales

 

Net sales in 2008 were $19.5 billion, decreasing $156 million, or less than 1% compared to 2007. Net sales in 2008 were unfavorably impacted by decreased volume of $1,318 million, primarily in North American Tire and EMEA and a reduction in sales from the 2007 divestiture of our tire and wheel assembly operation, which contributed sales of $639 million in 2007. These decreases were partially offset by improvements in price and product mix of $1,151 million, mainly in North American Tire, EMEA and Latin American Tire, $383 million in foreign currency translation, primarily in EMEA and Latin American Tire, and an increase in other tire-related business’ sales of $268 million, primarily due to third party sales of chemical products in North American Tire.

 

The following table presents our tire unit sales for the periods indicated:

 

 

The decrease in worldwide tire unit sales of 17.2 million units, or 8.5% compared to 2007, included a decrease of 9.4 million OE units, or 15.7%, due primarily to decreases in the consumer markets in North American Tire and EMEA due to recessionary economic conditions resulting in lower demand for new vehicles, and a decrease of 7.8 million units, or 5.5%, in replacement units, primarily in North American Tire and EMEA. North American Tire consumer replacement volume decreased 3.9 million units, or 7.4%, and EMEA consumer replacement volume decreased 2.5 million units, or 4.6%. The decline in consumer replacement volume is due in part to recessionary economic conditions in the U.S. and Europe.

Cost of Goods Sold

 

Cost of goods sold (“CGS”) was $16.1 billion in 2008, an increase of $228 million, or 1% compared to the 2007 period. CGS was 82.8% of sales in 2008 compared to 81.0% in 2007. CGS in 2008 increased due to higher raw material costs of $712 million, higher foreign currency translation of $287 million, $265 million of increased costs related to other tire-related businesses, primarily due to increased third party sales and raw materials costs of chemical products in North American Tire, product mix-related cost increases of $209 million, mostly related to North American Tire and EMEA, and higher transportation costs of $27 million. Also negatively impacting CGS was $506 million of higher conversion costs, including approximately $370 million of under-absorbed fixed overhead costs due to lower production volume in all segments, and a VEBA-related charge of $9 million. Reducing CGS were lower volume, primarily in North American Tire and EMEA, of $1,069 million, savings from rationalization plans of $53 million, and lower accelerated depreciation of $9 million. CGS also benefited from decreased costs related to the 2007 divestiture of our tire and wheel assembly operation, which had costs of $614 million in 2007. Included in 2007 was a curtailment charge of approximately $27 million related to the benefit plan changes announced in the first quarter of 2007.

 

Selling, Administrative and General Expense

 

Selling, administrative and general expense (“SAG”) was $2.6 billion in 2008, a decrease of $162 million or 6%. SAG in 2008 was 13.3% of sales, compared to 14.1% in 2007. The decrease was driven primarily by lower incentive compensation costs of $156 million primarily due to changes in estimated payouts and a decline in our stock price, lower advertising expenses of $36 million and savings from rationalization plans of $9 million. These were partially offset by unfavorable foreign currency translation of $41 million and increased wages and other benefit costs of $32 million. Included in 2007 was $37 million related to a curtailment charge for benefit plan changes.

 

Interest Expense

 

Interest expense was $320 million in 2008, a decrease of $130 million compared to $450 million in 2007. The decrease related primarily to lower average debt levels due to the repayment of our $300 million term loan due March 2011 in August 2007, the repayment of $175 million of 8.625% notes due 2011 and $140 million of 9% notes due 2015 in June 2007, and the exchange of $346 million of our 4% convertible notes in the fourth quarter of 2007 for shares of our common stock and a cash payment. In addition, we repaid $200 million of floating rate notes due 2011, $450 million of 11% notes due 2011, and $100 million of 63/8% notes due 2008 during the first quarter of 2008. Also decreasing interest expense was a decline in interest rates on variable rate debt.

 

Other (Income) and Expense

 

Other (Income) and Expense was $59 million of expense in 2008, compared to $8 million of expense in 2007. The increase in expense was primarily due to lower interest income of $60 million in 2008 due to lower average cash balances and interest rates, and higher foreign currency exchange losses of $26 million. In addition, we liquidated our subsidiary in Jamaica and recognized a loss of $16 million primarily due to recognition of accumulated foreign currency translation losses. Other (Income) and Expense was favorably impacted by higher net gains on asset sales of approximately $38 million primarily as a result of a loss of $36 million on the sale of substantially all of the assets of North American Tire’s tire and wheel assembly operation in the fourth quarter of 2007 and increased royalty income of $17 million from licensing arrangements related to divested businesses, including our Engineered Products business that was divested in the third quarter of 2007.

 

For further information, refer to the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 3, Other (Income) and Expense.

 

Income Taxes

 

For 2008, we recorded tax expense of $209 million on income from continuing operations before income taxes and minority interest of $186 million. For 2007, we recorded tax expense of $255 million on income from continuing operations before income taxes and minority interest of $464 million.

The difference between our effective tax rate and the U.S. statutory rate was primarily due to our continuing to maintain a full valuation allowance against our net Federal and state deferred tax assets and the adjustments discussed below.

 

For 2008 total discrete tax items in income tax expense were insignificant. Income tax expense in 2007 includes a net tax benefit totaling $6 million, which consists of a tax benefit of $11 million ($0.04 per share) related to prior periods offset by a $5 million charge primarily related to recently enacted tax law changes. The 2007 out-of-period adjustment related to our correction of the inflation adjustment on equity of our subsidiary in Colombia as a permanent tax benefit rather than as a temporary tax benefit dating back as far as 1992, with no individual year being significantly affected.

 

Our losses in recent periods represented sufficient negative evidence to require us to maintain a full valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets. However, in certain foreign locations, it is reasonably possible that sufficient positive evidence required to release all, or a portion, of these valuation allowances within the next 12 months will exist, resulting in one-time tax benefits of up to $90 million ($75 million net of minority interest).

 

For further information, refer to the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 15, Income Taxes.

 

Rationalizations

 

To maintain global competitiveness, we have implemented rationalization actions over the past several years to reduce excess and high-cost manufacturing capacity and to reduce selling, administrative and general expenses through associate headcount reductions. We recorded net rationalization costs of $184 million in 2008 and $49 million in 2007.

 

2008

 

Rationalization actions in 2008 consisted primarily of the closure of the Somerton, Australia tire manufacturing facility, the closure of the Tyler, Texas mix center, and our plan to exit 92 of our underperforming retail stores in the U.S. Other rationalization actions in 2008 related to plans to reduce manufacturing, selling, administrative and general expenses through headcount reductions in all of our strategic business units.

 

During 2008, net rationalization charges of $184 million ($167 million after-tax or $0.69 per share) were recorded. New charges of $192 million were comprised of $142 million for plans initiated in 2008, consisting of $118 million for associate severance costs and $24 million for other exit and non-cancelable lease costs, and $50 million for plans initiated in 2007 and prior years, consisting of $34 million for associate severance costs and $16 million for other exit and non-cancelable lease costs. The net charges in 2008 also included the reversal of $8 million of charges for actions no longer needed for their originally intended purposes. Approximately 3,100 associates will be released under 2008 plans, of which 1,500 were released by December 31, 2008.

 

In 2008, $87 million was incurred for associate severance payments and pension curtailment costs, and $23 million was incurred for non-cancelable lease and other exit costs.

 

In addition to the above charges, accelerated depreciation charges of $28 million were recorded in CGS in 2008, related primarily to the closure of the Somerton, Australia tire manufacturing facility and the Tyler, Texas mix center.

 

Additional rationalization charges of $41 million related to rationalization plans announced in 2008 have not yet been recorded and are expected to be incurred and recorded during the next twelve months.

 

General

 

Upon completion of the 2008 plans, we estimate that annual operating costs will be reduced by approximately $83 million ($41 million CGS and $42 million SAG). The savings realized in 2008 for the 2008 plans totaled approximately $5 million in SAG. In addition, savings realized in 2008 for the 2007 plans totaled approximately $10 million ($6 million CGS and $4 million SAG) compared to our estimate of $28 million. 2008 savings related to 2007 rationalization activities is less than the prior year estimate primarily due to implementation delays.

For further information, refer to the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 2, Costs Associated with Rationalization Programs.

 

2007

 

Rationalization actions in 2007 consisted primarily of a decision to reduce tire production at two facilities in Amiens, France in EMEA. Other rationalization actions in 2007 related to plans to reduce manufacturing, selling, administrative and general expenses through headcount reductions in several strategic business units.

 

During 2007, net rationalization charges of $49 million ($41 million after-tax or $0.17 per share) were recorded. New charges of $63 million were comprised of $28 million for plans initiated in 2007, primarily related to associate severance costs, and $35 million for plans initiated in 2006, consisting of $9 million for associate severance costs and $26 million for other exit and non-cancelable lease costs. The net charges in 2007 also included the reversal of $14 million of charges for actions no longer needed for their originally intended purposes. Approximately 700 associates were to be released under programs initiated in 2007, of which approximately 400 were released by December 31, 2008.

 

In 2007, $45 million was incurred for associate severance payments, and $39 million was incurred for non-cancelable lease and other exit costs.

 

In addition to the above charges, accelerated depreciation charges of $37 million were recorded in CGS in 2007, primarily for fixed assets taken out of service in connection with the elimination of tire production at our Tyler, Texas and Valleyfield, Quebec facilities in North American Tire.

 

2007 Compared to 2006

 

For the year ended December 31, 2007, we had net income of $602 million, or $2.65 per share, compared to a net loss of $330 million, or $1.86 per share, in the comparable period of 2006. Income from continuing operations in 2007 was $139 million, or $0.65 per share, compared to a loss from continuing operations of $373 million, or $2.11 per share, in 2006.

 

Net Sales

 

Net sales in 2007 were $19.6 billion, increasing $893 million, or 5% compared to 2006. Net sales in 2007 were impacted favorably by price and product mix of $880 million and favorable currency translation of $833 million, primarily in EMEA. These increases were partially offset by decreased volume of $784 million, net of $216 million of higher sales volume in 2007 compared to 2006 as a result of the USW strike. The decrease in volume is primarily attributable to North American Tire, due to our June 2006 decision to exit certain segments of the private label tire business, in addition to lower sales from other tire related businesses of $32 million.

 

The following table presents our tire unit sales for the periods indicated:

 

The decrease in worldwide tire unit sales of 13.3 million units, or 6.2% compared to 2006 is primarily driven by a decrease of 10.1 million units, or 6.7%, in replacement units, primarily in North American Tire and EMEA. North American Tire consumer replacement volume decreased 6.0 million units, or 10.3% due to a strategic share reduction in the lower value segment following our decision to exit certain segments of the private label tire business, partially offset by increased share of our higher value branded products. EMEA consumer replacement volume decreased 3.7 million units, or 6.3% compared to 2006, which was primarily market and strategy driven. OE units sales in 2007 decreased by 3.2 million units, or 5.1%, due primarily to decreases in North American Tire, driven by lower vehicle production, and EMEA, due to the exit of non-profitable business. This decrease in OE unit sales was partially offset by an increase in Latin America Tire.

 

Cost of Goods Sold

 

CGS was $15.9 billion in 2007, an increase of $185 million, or 1% compared to the 2006 period. CGS decreased to 81.0% of sales in 2007 compared to 83.9% in 2006. CGS increased in 2007 due to higher foreign currency translation of $606 million, product mix-related cost increases of $241 million, primarily related to North America Tire and EMEA, higher raw material costs of $195 million, and increased conversion costs of $94 million. Also increasing CGS were increased research and development expenses of $30 million, a curtailment charge of $27 million related to the benefit plan changes announced in the first quarter of 2007, and increased costs of approximately $25 million related to production inefficiencies and a strike in South Africa. Partially offsetting these increases was lower volume of $883 million, primarily related to North American Tire, higher savings from restructuring plans of $49 million, lower accelerated depreciation of $46 million, and decreased costs related to other tire related businesses of $39 million. 2006 was also affected by a pension plan curtailment gain of $13 million and $29 million related to favorable settlements with certain raw material suppliers. In addition, the net impact of the USW strike increased volume and product mix by approximately $125 million, and decreased conversion costs and costs related to other tire-related businesses by approximately $180 million in 2007 compared to 2006.

 

Selling, Administrative and General Expense

 

SAG was $2.8 billion in 2007, an increase of $216 million or 8%. SAG in 2007 was 14.1% of sales, compared to 13.6% in 2006. The increase was driven primarily by unfavorable foreign currency translation of $111 million, a curtailment charge of $37 million related to the benefit plan changes announced in the first quarter of 2007, and higher incentive stock compensation expense of $33 million. Also unfavorably impacting SAG were higher advertising expenses of $24 million, primarily in North American Tire and Asia Pacific Tire, increased general and product liability expenses of $14 million, increased consulting and contract labor expenses of $9 million, and higher bad debt expenses of approximately $6 million, primarily in EMEA. These increases were partially offset by decreases in employee benefit costs of $26 million, primarily related to North American Tire, and higher savings from restructuring plans of $16 million.

 

Interest Expense

 

Interest expense was $450 million, an increase of $3 million during 2007 as compared to 2006. Interest expense in 2007 was adversely impacted by higher debt levels incurred during the USW strike, but was favorably affected by a reduction in outstanding debt following the end of the strike and the early retirement of various debt obligations during 2007.

 

Other (Income) and Expense

 

Other (Income) and Expense was $8 million of expense in 2007, a decrease of $85 million compared to $77 million of income in 2006. The decrease was primarily due to higher financing fees of $66 million primarily relating to our redemption of $315 million of long term debt, our exchange offer for our outstanding 4% convertible senior notes and our refinancing activities in April 2007. In addition, we incurred higher losses of $33 million on foreign currency exchange in 2007 primarily as a result of the weakening U.S. dollar versus the euro, Chilean peso and Brazilian real. Other income was also unfavorably impacted by lower net gains on asset sales of approximately $25 million in 2007 compared to 2006 primarily as a result of a loss of $36 million on the sale of substantially all of the assets of North American Tire’s tire and wheel assembly operation in the fourth quarter of 2007. In 2007 there

was a fire in our Thailand facility, which resulted in a loss of $12 million, net of insurance proceeds. The decrease in other income was partially offset by an increase in interest income of approximately $42 million due primarily to higher cash balances in 2007. In addition, other income was favorably impacted by a decrease of approximately $11 million in expenses related to general and product liabilities, including asbestos and Entran II claims.

 

For further information, refer to the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 3, Other (Income) and Expense.

 

Income Taxes

 

For 2007, we recorded tax expense of $255 million on income from continuing operations before income taxes and minority interest of $464 million. For 2006, we recorded tax expense of $60 million on a loss from continuing operations before income taxes and minority interest of $202 million.

 

The difference between our effective tax rate and the U.S. statutory rate was primarily due to our continuing to maintain a full valuation allowance against our net Federal and state deferred tax assets and the adjustments discussed below.

 

Income tax expense in 2007 includes a net tax benefit totaling $6 million, which consists of a tax benefit of $11 million ($0.04 per share) related to prior periods offset by a $5 million charge primarily related to recently enacted tax law changes. The 2007 out-of-period adjustment related to our correction of the inflation adjustment on equity of our subsidiary in Colombia as a permanent tax benefit rather than as a temporary tax benefit dating back as far as 1992, with no individual year being significantly affected. Income tax expense in 2006 included net favorable tax adjustments totaling $163 million. The adjustments for 2006 related primarily to the resolution of an uncertain tax position regarding a reorganization of certain legal entities in 2001, which was partially offset by a charge of $47 million to establish a foreign valuation allowance, attributable to a rationalization plan.

 

For further information, refer to the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 15, Income Taxes.

 

Rationalizations

 

To maintain global competitiveness, we have implemented rationalization actions over the past several years to reduce excess and high-cost manufacturing capacity and to reduce associate headcount. We recorded net rationalization costs of $49 million in 2007 and $311 million in 2006.

 

2007

 

Rationalization actions in 2007 consisted primarily of a decision to reduce tire production at two facilities in Amiens, France in EMEA. Other rationalization actions in 2007 related to plans to reduce manufacturing, selling, administrative and general expenses through headcount reductions in several segments.

 

During 2007, net rationalization charges of $49 million ($41 million after-tax or $0.17 per share) were recorded. New charges of $63 million were comprised of $28 million for plans initiated in 2007, primarily related to associate severance costs, and $35 million for plans initiated in 2006, consisting of $9 million for associate severance costs and $26 million for other exit and non-cancelable lease costs. The net charges in 2007 also included the reversal of $14 million of charges for actions no longer needed for their originally intended purposes. Approximately 700 associates were to be released under programs initiated in 2007, of which approximately 400 were released by December 31, 2008.

 

In 2007, $45 million was incurred for associate severance payments, and $39 million was incurred for non-cancelable lease and other exit costs.

 

In addition to the above charges, accelerated depreciation charges of $37 million were recorded in CGS in 2007, primarily for fixed assets taken out of service in connection with the elimination of tire production at our Tyler, Texas and Valleyfield, Quebec facilities in North American Tire.

2006

 

Rationalization actions in 2006 consisted of plant closures in EMEA of a passenger tire manufacturing facility in Washington, United Kingdom, and in Asia Pacific Tire of the Upper Hutt, New Zealand passenger tire manufacturing facility. Charges were also incurred for a plan in North American Tire to cease tire manufacturing at our Tyler, Texas facility, which was substantially complete in December 2007, and a plan in EMEA to close our tire manufacturing facility in Casablanca, Morocco, which was completed in the first quarter of 2007. Charges were also recorded for a partial plant closure in North American Tire involving a plan to discontinue tire production at our Valleyfield, Quebec facility, which was completed by the second quarter of 2007. In conjunction with these charges we also recorded a $47 million tax valuation allowance. Other plans in 2006 included an action in EMEA to exit the bicycle tire and tube production line in Debica, Poland, retail store closures in EMEA as well as plans in most segments to reduce selling, administrative and general expenses through headcount reductions, all of which were substantially completed.

 

For 2006, $311 million ($328 million after-tax or $1.85 per share) of net charges were recorded. New charges of $322 million are comprised of $315 million for plans initiated in 2006 and $7 million for plans initiated in 2005 for associate-related costs. The $315 million of charges for 2006 plans consisted of $286 million of associate-related costs, of which $159 million related to associate severance costs and $127 million related to non-cash pension and postretirement benefit costs, and $29 million of non-cancelable lease costs. The net charges in 2006 also included reversals of $11 million for actions no longer needed for their originally intended purposes. Approximately 4,800 associates were to be released under programs initiated in 2006, of which approximately 4,700 were released by December 31, 2008.

 

In 2006, $98 million was incurred for associate severance payments, $127 million for non-cash pension and postretirement termination benefit costs, and $21 million for non-cancelable lease and other exit costs.

 

In addition to the above charges, accelerated depreciation charges of $81 million and asset impairment charges of $2 million were recorded in CGS related to fixed assets that were taken out of service primarily in connection with the Washington, Casablanca, Upper Hutt and Tyler plant closures. We also recorded charges of $2 million of accelerated depreciation and $3 million of asset impairment in SAG.

 

Discontinued Operations

 

Discontinued operations had income of $463 million, or $2.00 per share, in 2007 compared to income of $43 million, or $0.25 per share, in 2006, representing an increase of $420 million. The increase in 2007 is primarily due to a gain of $508 million on the sale of our Engineered Products business. For further information, refer to the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 18, Discontinued Operations.

 

RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

 

In September 2006, the FASB issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (“SFAS”) No. 157, “Fair Value Measurements” (“SFAS No. 157”). SFAS No. 157 addresses how companies should measure fair value when they are required to use a fair value measure for recognition and disclosure purposes under generally accepted accounting principles. SFAS No. 157 requires the fair value of an asset or liability to be based on market-based measures which will reflect the credit risk of the company. SFAS No. 157 expands the disclosure requirements to include the methods and assumptions used to measure fair value and the effect of fair value measures on earnings. The adoption of SFAS No. 157 effective January 1, 2008 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

 

In February 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 159, “The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities Including an Amendment of FASB Statement No. 115” (“SFAS No. 159”). SFAS No. 159 permits a company to choose to measure many financial instruments and other items at fair value that are not currently required to be measured at fair value. We did not elect the fair value measurement option for any of our existing financial instruments other than those that are already being measured at fair value. As such, the adoption of SFAS No. 159 effective January 1, 2008 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 141 (Revised), “Business Combinations” (“SFAS No. 141(R)”), replacing SFAS No. 141, “Business Combinations” (“SFAS No. 141”), and SFAS No. 160, “Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statements — an Amendment of ARB No. 51” (“SFAS No. 160”). SFAS No. 141(R) retains the fundamental requirements of SFAS No. 141, broadens its scope by applying the acquisition method to all transactions and other events in which one entity obtains control over one or more other businesses, and requires, among other things, that assets acquired and liabilities assumed be measured at fair value as of the acquisition date, that liabilities related to contingent consideration be recognized at the acquisition date and remeasured at fair value in each subsequent reporting period, that acquisition-related costs be expensed as incurred, and that income be recognized if the fair value of the net assets acquired exceeds the fair value of the consideration transferred. SFAS No. 160 establishes accounting and reporting standards for noncontrolling interests (i.e., minority interests) in a subsidiary, including changes in a parent’s ownership interest in a subsidiary and requires, among other things, that noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries be classified as shareholders’ equity. SFAS No. 141 (R) and the recognition and measurement provisions of SFAS No. 160 are to be applied prospectively in financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning on or after December 15, 2008. The presentation and disclosure provisions of SFAS No. 160 are to be applied retrospectively for all periods presented. We adopted SFAS No. 141(R) and SFAS No. 160 on January 1, 2009. We will reflect the presentation and disclosure requirements of SFAS No. 160 in our Form 10-Q for the period ending March 31, 2009.

 

In February 2008, the FASB issued FSP FAS 157-2, “Effective Date of FASB Statement No. 157”. The FSP defers the provisions of SFAS No. 157 with respect to nonfinancial assets and nonfinancial liabilities that are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis subsequent to initial recognition until fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2008. Items in this classification include goodwill, asset retirement obligations, rationalization accruals, intangible assets with indefinite lives, guarantees and certain other items. The adoption of FSP FAS 157-2 effective January 1, 2009 will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

 

In March 2008, the FASB issued SFAS No. 161, “Disclosures about Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities” (“SFAS No. 161”). SFAS No. 161 requires companies with derivative instruments to disclose information that would enable financial statement users to understand how and why a company uses derivative instruments, how derivative instruments and related hedged items are accounted for under SFAS No. 133, “Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities,” and how derivative instruments and related hedged items affect a company’s financial position, financial performance and cash flows. The new requirements apply to derivative instruments and nonderivative instruments that are designated and qualify as hedging instruments and related hedged items accounted for under SFAS No. 133. SFAS No. 161 is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after November 15, 2008; however, early application is encouraged. We adopted SFAS No. 161 effective January 1, 2009 and will report the required disclosures in our Form 10-Q for the period ending March 31, 2009.

 

In April 2008, the FASB issued Staff Position FSP FAS 142-3, “Determination of the Useful Life of Intangible Assets” (“FSP FAS 142-3”). The FSP amends the factors that should be considered in developing renewal or extension assumptions used to determine the useful life of a recognized intangible asset under SFAS No. 142, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets”. The intent of the FSP is to improve the consistency between the useful life of a recognized intangible asset under SFAS No. 142 and the period of expected cash flows used to measure the fair value of the asset under other accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The FSP is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2008, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is prohibited. The guidance for determining the useful life of a recognized intangible asset shall be applied prospectively to intangible assets acquired after the effective date. Certain disclosure requirements shall be applied prospectively to all intangible assets recognized as of, and subsequent to, the effective date. We adopted FSP FAS 142-3 effective January 1, 2009 and will report the required disclosures in our Form 10-Q for the period ending March 31, 2009.

 

In May 2008, the FASB issued Staff Position APB 14-1, “Accounting for Convertible Debt Instruments That May Be Settled in Cash upon Conversion (Including Partial Cash Settlement)” (“FSP APB 14-1”). The FSP specifies that issuers of convertible debt instruments that may be settled in cash upon conversion should separately account for the liability and equity components in a manner that will reflect the entity’s nonconvertible debt borrowing rate. The FSP is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15,

2008, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is not permitted. The FSP is to be applied retrospectively. In July 2004, we issued $350 million of 4% convertible senior notes due 2034, and subsequently exchanged $346 million of those notes for common stock and a cash payment in December 2007. The remaining $4 million of notes were converted into common stock in May 2008. The adoption of APB 14-1 effective January 1, 2009 will result in a reclassification in our consolidated statements of shareholders’ equity between retained earnings and capital surplus, however the adoption will not impact our financial position.

 

In June 2008, the FASB issued Staff Position EITF 03-6-1, “Determining Whether Instruments Granted in Share-Based Payment Transactions Are Participating Securities” (“FSP EITF 03-6-1”). The FSP addresses whether instruments granted in share-based payment transactions are participating securities prior to vesting and, therefore, need to be included in the earnings allocation in computing earnings per share under the two-class method described in SFAS No. 128, “Earnings Per Share”. The FSP is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2008, and interim periods within those years. All prior-period earnings per share data presented shall be adjusted retrospectively. The adoption of FSP EITF 03-6-1 effective January 1, 2009 will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

 

In October 2008, the FASB issued FSP FAS 157-3, “Determining the Fair Value of a Financial Asset When the Market for That Asset Is Not Active”. The FSP was effective upon issuance. The FSP clarifies the application of FASB Statement No. 157, “Fair Value Measurements”, in a market that is not active. Our fair value measurements classified as Level 3 were determined in accordance with the provisions of the FSP.

 

In December 2008, the FASB issued FSP FAS 132(R)-1, “Employers’ Disclosures about Postretirement Benefit Plan Assets”. The FSP requires disclosure of additional information about investment allocation, fair values of major categories of assets, the development of fair value measurements, and concentrations of risk. The FSP is effective for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2009; however, earlier application is permitted. We will adopt the FSP upon its effective date and will report the required disclosures in our Form 10-K for the period ending December 31, 2009.

 

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

 

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and related notes to the financial statements. On an ongoing basis, management reviews its estimates, based on currently available information. Changes in facts and circumstances may alter such estimates and affect results of operations and financial position in future periods. Our critical accounting policies relate to:

 

 

General and Product Liability and Other Litigation.  General and product liability and other recorded litigation liabilities are recorded based on management’s assessment that a loss arising from these matters is probable. If the loss can be reasonably estimated, we record the amount of the estimated loss. If the loss is estimated within a range and no point within the range is more probable than another, we record the minimum amount in the range. As additional information becomes available, any potential liability related to these matters is assessed and the estimates are revised, if necessary. Loss ranges are based upon the specific facts of each claim or class of claims and are determined after review by counsel. Court rulings on our cases or similar cases may impact our assessment of the probability and our estimate of the loss, which may have an impact on our reported results of operations, financial position and liquidity. We record receivables for insurance recoveries related to our litigation claims when it is probable that we will receive reimbursement from the insurer. Specifically, we are a defendant in numerous lawsuits alleging various asbestos-related personal injuries purported to result from alleged exposure to asbestos 1) in certain

rubber encapsulated products or aircraft braking systems manufactured by us in the past, or 2) in certain of our facilities. Typically, these lawsuits have been brought against multiple defendants in Federal and state courts.

 

We engage an independent asbestos valuation firm, Bates White, LLC (“Bates”), to review our existing reserves for pending asbestos claims, provide a reasonable estimate of the liability associated with unasserted asbestos claims, and estimate our receivables from probable insurance recoveries related to such claims.

 

A significant assumption in our estimated asbestos liability is the period over which the liability can be reasonably estimated. Due to the difficulties in making these estimates, analysis based on new data and/or changed circumstances arising in the future may result in an increase in the recorded obligation in an amount that cannot be reasonably estimated, and that increase may be significant. We had recorded liabilities for both asserted and unasserted asbestos claims, inclusive of defense costs, totaling $132 million at December 31, 2008. The portion of the liability associated with unasserted asbestos claims and related defense costs was $71 million. At December 31, 2008, we estimate that it is reasonably possible that our gross liabilities could exceed our recorded reserve by $40 million to $50 million, approximately 50% of which would be recoverable by our accessible policy limits.

 

We maintain primary insurance coverage under coverage-in-place agreements as well as excess liability insurance with respect to asbestos liabilities. We record a receivable with respect to such policies when we determine that recovery is probable and we can reasonably estimate the amount of a particular recovery. This determination is based on consultation with our outside legal counsel and taking into consideration relevant factors or agreements in principle, including ongoing legal proceedings with certain of our excess coverage insurance carriers, their financial viability, their legal obligations and other pertinent facts.

 

Bates also assists us in valuing receivables to be recorded for probable insurance recoveries. Based upon the model employed by Bates, as of December 31, 2008, (i) we had recorded a receivable related to asbestos claims of $65 million, and (ii) we expect that approximately 50% of asbestos claim related losses would be recoverable through insurance through the period covered by the estimated liability. The receivables recorded consist of an amount we expect to collect under coverage-in-place agreements with certain primary carriers as well as an amount we believe is probable of recovery from certain of our excess coverage insurance carriers. Of this amount, $10 million was included in Current Assets as part of Accounts receivable at December 31, 2008.

 

Workers’ Compensation.  We had recorded liabilities, on a discounted basis, of $288 million for anticipated costs related to workers’ compensation claims at December 31, 2008. The costs include an estimate of expected settlements on pending claims, defense costs and a provision for claims incurred but not reported. These estimates are based on our assessment of potential liability using an analysis of available information with respect to pending claims, historical experience, and current cost trends. The amount of our ultimate liability in respect of these matters may differ from these estimates. We periodically, and at least annually, update our loss development factors based on actuarial analyses. The liability is discounted using the risk-free rate of return.

 

For further information on general and product liability and other litigation, and workers’ compensation, refer to the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 20, Commitments and Contingent Liabilities.

 

Recoverability of Goodwill.  Goodwill is not amortized. Rather, goodwill is tested for impairment annually or more frequently if an indicator of impairment is present.

 

We have determined our reporting units to be consistent with our operating segments comprised of four strategic business units: North American Tire, Europe, Middle East and Africa Tire (which was formed in the first quarter of 2008 by combining our former European Union Tire and Eastern Europe, Middle East and Africa Tire business units), Latin American Tire, and Asia Pacific Tire. Goodwill is allocated to these reporting units based on the original purchase price allocation for acquisitions within the various reporting units. Other than the formation of the new Europe, Middle East and Africa business unit during 2008, there have been no changes to our reporting units or in the manner in which goodwill was allocated.

 

For purposes of our annual impairment testing, which is conducted as of July 31 each year, we determine the estimated fair values of our reporting units using a valuation methodology based on an earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”) multiple of comparable companies. The EBITDA multiple is adjusted if necessary to reflect local market conditions and recent transactions. The EBITDA of the reporting units

is based on a combination of historical and forecasted results and is adjusted to exclude certain non-recurring or unusual items and corporate charges. We consider significant decreases in forecasted EBITDA in future periods to be an indication of a potential impairment. At the time of our determination, valuation multiples of comparable companies would have to decline in excess of 40% to indicate a potential goodwill impairment. However, at December 31, 2008, as a result of the emergence of certain impairment indicators including the decrease in our market capitalization and the economic outlook in the United States, we performed an interim goodwill impairment analysis for our North American Tire business unit.

 

Goodwill was $683 million at December 31, 2008. Our annual impairment analysis for 2008 as well as our interim analysis for North American Tire at December 31, 2008, indicated no impairment of goodwill. In addition, there were no events or circumstances that indicated the impairment test should be re-performed for goodwill for segments other than North American Tire at December 31, 2008.

 

Deferred Tax Asset Valuation Allowance and Uncertain Income Tax Positions.  At December 31, 2008, we had a valuation allowance aggregating $2.7 billion against all of our net Federal and state and certain of our foreign net deferred tax assets.

 

We assess both negative and positive evidence when measuring the need for a valuation allowance. Evidence, such as operating results during the most recent three-year period, is given more weight than our expectations of future profitability, which are inherently uncertain. Our losses in the U.S. and certain foreign locations in recent periods represented sufficient negative evidence to require a full valuation allowance against our net Federal, state and certain of our foreign deferred tax assets. We intend to maintain a valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets until sufficient positive evidence exists to support the realization of such assets.

 

The calculation of our tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations. We recognize liabilities for anticipated tax audit issues based on our estimate of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be required. If we ultimately determine that payment of these amounts is unnecessary, we reverse the liability and recognize a tax benefit during the period in which we determine that the liability is no longer necessary. We also recognize tax benefits to the extent that it is more likely than not that our positions will be sustained when challenged by the taxing authorities. To the extent we prevail in matters for which liabilities have been established, or are required to pay amounts in excess of our liabilities, our effective tax rate in a given period may be materially affected. An unfavorable tax settlement would require cash payments and result in an increase in our effective tax rate in the year of resolution. A favorable tax settlement would be recognized as a reduction in our effective tax rate in the year of resolution. We report interest and penalties related to uncertain income tax positions as income taxes. For additional information regarding uncertain income tax positions, refer to the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 15, Income Taxes.

 

Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits.  Our recorded liabilities for pensions and other postretirement benefits are based on a number of assumptions, including:

 

 

Certain of these assumptions are determined with the assistance of independent actuaries. Assumptions about life expectancies, retirement rates, future compensation levels and future health care costs are based on past experience and anticipated future trends, including an assumption about inflation. The discount rate for our U.S. plans is derived from a portfolio of corporate bonds from issuers rated AA- or higher by Standard & Poor’s as of December 31 and is reviewed annually. The total cash flows provided by the portfolio are similar to the timing of our expected

benefit payment cash flows. The long term rate of return on plan assets is based on the compound annualized return of our U.S. pension fund over a period of 15 years or more, estimates of future long-term rates of return on assets similar to the target allocation of our pension fund and long term inflation. Actual domestic pension fund asset allocations are reviewed on a monthly basis and the pension fund is rebalanced to target ranges on an as needed basis. These assumptions are reviewed regularly and revised when appropriate. Changes in one or more of them may affect the amount of our recorded liabilities and net periodic costs for these benefits. Other assumptions involving demographic factors such as retirement age, mortality and turnover are evaluated periodically and are updated to reflect our experience and expectations for the future. If the actual experience differs from expectations, our financial position, results of operations and liquidity in future periods may be affected.

 

The discount rate used in estimating the total liability for both our U.S. pension and other postretirement plans was 6.50% at December 31, 2008, compared to 6.25% and 6.00%, respectively, at December 31, 2007. The increase in the discount rate at December 31, 2008 was due primarily to higher interest rate yields on highly rated corporate bonds. Interest cost included in our U.S. net periodic pension cost was $312 million in 2008, compared to $306 million in 2007 and $295 million in 2006. Interest cost included in our worldwide net periodic other postretirement benefits cost was $84 million in 2008, compared to $109 million in 2007 and $133 million in 2006. Interest cost was lower in 2008 as a result of the reduction in the postretirement liability due to the VEBA settlement.

 

The following table presents the sensitivity of our U.S. projected pension benefit obligation, accumulated other postretirement obligation, shareholders’ equity, and 2009 expense to the indicated increase/decrease in key assumptions:

 

 

A significant portion of the net actuarial loss included in AOCL of $2,550 million in our U.S. pension plans as of December 31, 2008 is a result of 2008 plan asset losses and the overall decline in U.S. discount rates over time. For purposes of determining our 2008 U.S. net periodic pension expense, our funded status was such that we recognized $38 million of the net actuarial loss in 2008. We will recognize approximately $157 million of net actuarial losses in 2009. If our future experience is consistent with our assumptions as of December 31, 2008, actuarial loss recognition will remain at an amount near that to be recognized in 2009 over the next few years before it begins to gradually decline.

 

The actual rate of return on our U.S. pension fund was (31.7)%, 8.1% and 14.0% in 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively, as compared to the expected rate of 8.5% for all three years. The negative return of our U.S. pension fund in 2008 was due to the steep market losses experienced during the year. Despite the losses experienced by the U.S. pension fund in 2008, the expected long term rate of return on assets will remain at 8.5% for 2009. We use the fair value of our pension assets in the calculation of pension expense for all of our U.S. pension plans.

 

The service cost of our U.S. pension plans was $60 million in 2008 and is expected to decrease in 2009 and beyond as the number of active participants accruing service declines.

 

Although we experienced an increase in our U.S. discount rate at the end of 2008, a large portion of the net actuarial loss included in AOCL of $109 million in our worldwide other postretirement benefit plans as of December 31, 2008 is a result of the overall decline in U.S. discount rates over time. The net actuarial loss increased

from 2007 due to the VEBA settlement, which resulted in the recognition of net actuarial gains previously included in AOCL for the affected plans, offset somewhat by the increase in the discount rate at December 31, 2008. For purposes of determining 2008 worldwide net periodic postretirement benefits cost, we recognized $7 million of the net actuarial losses in 2008. We will recognize approximately $7 million of net actuarial losses in 2009. If our future experience is consistent with our assumptions as of December 31, 2008, actuarial loss recognition will remain at an amount near that to be recognized in 2009 over the next few years before it begins to gradually decline.

 

The weighted average amortization period for employees covered by our U.S. plans is approximately 15 years.

 

For further information on pensions and other postretirement benefits, refer to the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 14, Pension, Other Postretirement Benefit and Savings Plans.

 

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — SEGMENT INFORMATION

 

Segment information reflects our strategic business units (“SBUs”), which are organized to meet customer requirements and global competition. The Tire businesses are segmented on a regional basis. As previously mentioned, during the first quarter of 2008, we formed a new strategic business unit, Europe, Middle East and Africa Tire, by combining our former European Union Tire and Eastern Europe, Middle East and Africa Tire business units. Prior year amounts have been restated to conform to this change.

 

Results of operations are measured based on net sales to unaffiliated customers and segment operating income. Segment operating income includes transfers to other SBUs. Segment operating income is computed as follows: Net Sales less CGS (excluding certain accelerated depreciation charges and asset impairment charges) and SAG (including certain allocated corporate administrative expenses). Segment operating income also includes certain royalties and equity in earnings of most affiliates. Segment operating income does not include rationalization charges (credits), assets sales and certain other items.

 

Total segment operating income was $804 million in 2008, $1.2 billion in 2007 and $710 million in 2006. Total segment operating margin (segment operating income divided by segment sales) in 2008 was 4.1%, compared to 6.3% in 2007 and 3.8% in 2006.

 

Management believes that total segment operating income is useful because it represents the aggregate value of income created by our SBUs and excludes items not directly related to the SBUs for performance evaluation purposes. Total segment operating income is the sum of the individual SBUs’ segment operating income. Refer to the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 17, Business Segments, for further information and for a reconciliation of total segment operating income to Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations before Income Taxes and Minority Interest.

 

North American Tire

 

 

2008 Compared to 2007

 

North American Tire unit sales in 2008 decreased 10.2 million units or 12.4% from the 2007 period. The decrease was due to a decline in replacement volume of 4.3 million units or 7.7%, primarily in the consumer market due in part to recessionary economic conditions in the U.S., and a decline in OE volume of 5.9 million units or 22.9%, primarily in our consumer business due to reduced vehicle production.

 

Net sales decreased $607 million or 6.8% in 2008 from the 2007 period due primarily to decreased volume of $718 million and the 2007 divestiture of our tire and wheel assembly operation, which contributed sales of $639 million in 2007. This was offset in part by favorable price and product mix of $537 million, increased sales in

other tire-related businesses of $207 million, primarily due to third party sales of chemical products, and favorable foreign currency translation of $6 million.

 

Operating loss in 2008 was $156 million compared to operating income in 2007 of $139 million, a decrease of $295 million. The 2008 period was unfavorably impacted by decreased volume of $115 million, lower operating income of chemical and other tire-related businesses of $27 million, and the 2007 divestiture of our tire and wheel assembly operation, which generated operating income of $25 million in 2007. Also unfavorably impacting operating income were higher conversion costs of $231 million. The higher conversion costs were caused primarily by under-absorbed fixed overhead costs of approximately $240 million due to lower production volume, higher plant changeover costs and general inflation, which were partially offset by savings from reduced employee benefit costs, and lower average labor rates. Offsetting these negative factors were price and product mix improvements of $360 million, which more than offset increased raw material costs of $334 million, lower SAG expenses of $48 million driven primarily by decreased advertising costs and lower incentive compensation costs, and increased royalty income of $11 million.

 

Operating income in 2008 excludes $4 million of accelerated depreciation primarily related to the closure of the Tyler, Texas mix center and our plan to exit 92 retail stores. Operating income in 2007 excludes $35 million of accelerated depreciation primarily related to the elimination of tire production at our Tyler, Texas and Valleyfield, Quebec facilities. Operating income also excludes net rationalization charges totaling $54 million in 2008 and $11 million in 2007 and (gains) losses on asset sales of $(18) million in 2008 and $17 million in 2007.

 

2007 Compared to 2006

 

North American Tire unit sales in 2007 decreased 9.6 million units or 10.5% from 2006. The decrease was primarily due to a decline in replacement unit sales of 5.9 million units or 9.6% due to a strategic share reduction in the lower value segment, following our decision to exit certain segments of the private label tire business, partially offset by increased share of our higher value branded products. In addition, OE volume in 2007 decreased 3.7 million units or 12.6% in our consumer and commercial businesses as a result of lower vehicle production.

 

Net sales in 2007 decreased $227 million or 2.5% from 2006. The decrease was driven by a decline in volume of $739 million primarily due to exiting certain segments of the private label tire business in addition to decreased OE volume in our consumer and commercial businesses as a result of lower vehicle production. Sales in other tire related businesses also decreased approximately $66 million. Partially offsetting these were favorable price and product mix of $338 and favorable foreign currency translation of $24 million. In addition, net sales in 2007 were $216 million higher compared to 2006 as a result of the USW strike.

 

Operating income in 2007 was $139 million compared to an operating loss in 2006 of $233 million, an increase of $372 million. Operating income improved in 2007 by approximately $279 million as a result of returning to normal sales and production levels following the USW strike, which negatively impacted the fourth quarter of 2006 and part of the first half of 2007. Operating income in 2007 was also favorably impacted by price and product mix of $235 million, increased operating income in other tire related businesses of $27 million, and lower conversion costs of $19 million. Conversion costs were driven by lower employee benefit expenses partially offset by under-absorbed fixed costs due to lower production volume, training of new workers and plant changeovers. This performance was partially offset by increased raw material costs of $97 million, decreased sales volume of $65 million, and higher SAG costs of approximately $11 million. Also, included in 2006 was $21 million of favorable settlements with certain raw material suppliers.

 

Operating income in 2007 excludes $35 million of accelerated depreciation primarily related to the elimination of tire production at our Tyler, Texas and Valleyfield, Quebec facilities. Operating income in 2006 excludes $14 million of accelerated depreciation primarily related to the elimination of tire production at our Tyler, Texas facility. Operating income also excludes net rationalization charges (credits) totaling $11 million in 2007 and $187 million in 2006 and (gains) losses on asset sales of $17 million in 2007 and $(11) million in 2006.

Europe, Middle East and Africa Tire

 

 

2008 Compared to 2007

 

Europe, Middle East and Africa Tire unit sales in 2008 decreased 6.0 million units or 7.5% from the 2007 period. Replacement volume decreased 2.9 million units or 4.9%, mainly in consumer replacement due in part to recessionary economic conditions in Europe, while OE volume decreased 3.1 million units or 14.9%, primarily in our consumer business due to reduced vehicle production.

 

Net sales in 2008 increased $99 million or 1.4% compared to the 2007 period. Favorably impacting the 2008 period were improved price and product mix of $306 million, foreign currency translation of $285 million, and higher sales in the other tire-related businesses of $11 million. Partially offsetting these improvements was lower volume of $503 million.

 

For 2008, operating income decreased $157 million or 27.0% compared to 2007 due to higher conversion costs of $173 million, lower volume of $107 million, and higher transportation costs of $17 million. The higher conversion costs related primarily to under-absorbed fixed overhead costs of approximately $100 million due to reduced production volume, inflation, a strike at our plants in Turkey in the second quarter of 2008 and ongoing labor issues at our manufacturing plants in Amiens, France. These were offset in part by improvement in price and product mix of $261 million, which more than offset increased raw material costs of $185 million, favorable foreign currency translation of $32 million, increased operating income in other tire-related businesses of $21 million primarily due to improvements in our company-owned retail businesses, decreased SAG expenses of $7 million and favorable supplier settlements of $7 million.

 

Operating income in 2008 excludes rationalization charges of $41 million and net gains on asset sales of $20 million. Operating income in 2007 excludes net rationalization charges of $33 million and net gains on asset sales of $20 million. Operating income in 2007 excludes $2 million of accelerated depreciation primarily related to the closure of the Washington, UK facility.

 

EMEA’s results are highly dependent upon Germany, which accounted for approximately 32% and 33% of EMEA’s net sales in 2008 and 2007, respectively. Accordingly, results of operations in Germany will have a significant impact on EMEA’s future performance.

 

2007 Compared to 2006

 

Europe, Middle East and Africa Tire Segment unit sales in 2007 decreased 3.9 million units or 4.7% from 2006. Replacement volume decreased 3.7 million units or 5.9%, mainly in consumer replacement, which was primarily market and strategy driven, while OE volume decreased 0.3 million units or 1.4%.

 

Net sales in 2007 increased $665 million or 10.1% from 2006. Favorably impacting sales was foreign currency translation of $542 million, and improved price and product mix of $399 million. Lower volume of $278 million unfavorably impacted net sales.

 

Operating income in 2007 increased $69 million or 13.5% compared to 2006 due to improvement in price and mix of $276 million and favorable foreign currency translation of $30 million. These were offset in part by lower volume of $58 million, higher raw material costs of $53 million, higher SAG expenses of $23 million and lower operating income from other tire related businesses of $13 million. In addition, increased conversion costs of $33 million, increased research and development expenses of $23 million, and increased costs of approximately $25 million related to a strike and production inefficiencies in South Africa also had an unfavorable impact on

operating income in 2007. Operating income in 2006 also included $6 million in favorable settlements with certain raw material suppliers.

 

Operating income in 2007 and 2006 excludes $2 million and $62 million, respectively, of accelerated depreciation primarily related to the closure of the Washington, UK facility and the closure of the Morocco facility. Operating income also excludes net rationalization charges totaling $33 million in 2007 and $94 million in 2006 and gains on asset sales of $20 million in 2007 and $28 million in 2006.

 

Latin American Tire

 

 

2008 Compared to 2007

 

Latin American Tire unit sales in 2008 decreased 1.8 million units or 8.3% from the 2007 period. Replacement volume decreased 0.8 million units or 5.8% primarily in the commercial market due to an overall decline in industry volumes, while OE volume decreased 1.0 million units or 13.4% primarily in the consumer market.

 

Net sales in 2008 increased $216 million or 11.5% from the 2007 period. Net sales increased in 2008 due to favorable price and product mix of $237 million, the favorable impact of foreign currency translation, mainly in Brazil, of approximately $85 million, and higher sales of other tire-related businesses of $47 million. Partially offsetting these increases was lower volume of $152 million.

 

Operating income in 2008 increased $8 million or 2.2% from the same period in 2007. Favorably impacting operating income were price and product mix of $214 million, which more than offset increased raw material costs of $109 million, and foreign currency translation of $17 million. Operating income was unfavorably impacted by higher conversion costs of $57 million, decreased volume of $41 million, increased transportation costs of $12 million, increased tire recycling fees, duties and other charges of $9 million, and increased SAG expenses of $5 million, primarily related to advertising expenses. The higher conversion costs related primarily to under-absorbed fixed overhead costs of approximately $20 million due to reduced production volume in the fourth quarter of 2008 and higher utility and engineering costs. Operating income in 2008 also included a gain of $12 million related to the favorable settlement of a transactional excise tax case.

 

Operating income excludes net rationalization charges totaling $4 million in 2008 and $2 million in 2007. Operating income also excludes gains on asset sales of $5 million in 2008 and $1 million in 2007. Operating income in 2008 excludes a $16 million loss primarily due to the recognition accumulated foreign currency translation losses on the liquidation of our subsidiary in Jamaica.

 

Latin American Tire’s results are highly dependent upon Brazil, which accounted for approximately 52% and 49% of Latin American Tire’s net sales in 2008 and 2007, respectively. Accordingly, results of operations in Brazil will have a significant impact on Latin American Tire’s future performance.

 

2007 Compared to 2006

 

Latin American Tire unit sales in 2007 increased 0.6 million units or 2.9% compared to 2006. OE volume increased 0.8 million units or 12.0% as a result of improving market conditions, offset by a decline in replacement units of 0.2 million units or 1.0%.

 

Net sales in 2007 increased $265 million, or 16.5% compared to 2006. Net sales increased in 2007 due to the favorable impact of foreign currency translation, mainly in Brazil, of approximately $123 million, favorable price and product mix of $73 million, and increased volume of $43 million. Also increasing net sales was higher sales of other tire-related businesses of approximately $29 million.

Operating income in 2007 increased $33 million, or 10.1% compared to 2006. Operating income was favorably impacted by $74 million from the impact of currency translation, $60 million due to improved price and product mix, and $11 million due to increased volume. Operating income was unfavorably impacted by higher raw material costs of $41 million and higher conversion costs of $32 million. Lower operating income in other tire related businesses of $11 million and higher SAG expenses of $8 million also had an unfavorable impact on operating income in 2007. In addition, included in 2006 was a pension plan curtailment gain of $17 million.

 

Operating income excludes net rationalization charges totaling $2 million in both 2007 and 2006. Operating income also excludes gains on asset sales of $1 million in 2007 and 2006. In addition, operating income in 2006 excludes a gain of $13 million resulting from the favorable resolution of a legal matter in Brazil.

 

Asia Pacific Tire

 

 

2008 Compared to 2007

 

Asia Pacific Tire unit sales in 2008 increased 0.8 million units or 4.1% from the 2007 period. Replacement unit sales increased 0.2 million units or 1.8% and OE volume increased 0.6 million units or 8.6%. The increase in OE volume in 2008 relates primarily to supply constraints in 2007 due to the Thailand fire.

 

Net sales in 2008 increased $136 million or 8.0% compared to the 2007 period due to favorable price and product mix of $71 million, increased volume of $55 million, and favorable foreign currency translation of $7 million.

 

Operating income in 2008 increased $18 million or 12.0% compared to the 2007 period due to improved price and product mix of $107 million, which more than offset increased raw material costs of $84 million, increased volume of $14 million and increased operating income in other tire-related businesses of $8 million primarily due to improved results in our company-owned retail businesses in Australia. Unfavorably impacting operating income was increased conversion costs of $26 million. The higher conversion costs related primarily to under-absorbed fixed overhead costs of approximately $10 million due to reduced production volume in the fourth quarter of 2008, inflation and higher utility and engineering costs.

 

Operating income excludes net rationalization charges totaling $83 million in 2008 and $1 million in 2007 and gains on assets sales of $10 million in 2008 and $8 million in 2007. Operating income in 2007 also excludes a $12 million loss, net of insurance proceeds, as a result of the Thailand fire. In addition, operating income in 2008 excludes approximately $24 million of accelerated depreciation related to the closure of the Somerton, Australia facility.

 

Asia Pacific Tire’s results are highly dependent upon Australia, which accounted for approximately 47% and 46% of Asia Pacific Tire’s net sales in 2008 and 2007, respectively. Accordingly, results of operations in Australia will have a significant impact on Asia Pacific Tire’s future performance.

 

2007 Compared to 2006

 

Asia Pacific Tire unit sales in 2007 decreased 0.4 million units or 2.1% compared to 2006. Replacement units decreased 0.4 million units or 3.1% driven by reduced participation in low margin segments of the market and reduced production volume resulting from the Thailand fire.

 

Net sales in 2007 increased $190 million or 12.6% from 2006 due to favorable foreign currency translation of $144 million and favorable price and product mix of $70 million. Partially offsetting these increases was lower volume of approximately $26 million.

Operating income in 2007 increased $46 million or 44.2% from 2006 primarily due to improved price and product mix of $67 million and $8 million of favorable foreign currency translation. These were offset in part by higher SAG expenses of $11 million primarily related to increased advertising costs, lower sales volume of $5 million, and increased conversion costs of $5 million related to lower production volume as a result of the Thailand fire. Higher raw material prices of $4 million and increased research and development costs of $4 million also had an unfavorable impact on operating income. In addition, operating income in 2006 included approximately $2 million in favorable settlements with certain raw material suppliers.

 

Operating income excludes net rationalization charges totaling $1 million in 2007 and $28 million in 2006 and gains on assets sales of $8 million in 2007 and $2 million in 2006. Operating income in 2007 also excludes a $12 million loss, net of insurance proceeds, as a result of the Thailand fire. In addition, operating income in 2006 excludes approximately $12 million of accelerated depreciation related to the closure of the Upper Hutt, New Zealand facility.

 

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

 

At December 31, 2008, we had $1,894 million in Cash and cash equivalents as well as $1,677 million of unused availability under our various credit agreements, compared to $3,463 million and $2,169 million, respectively, at December 31, 2007. At December 31, 2008, our availability included approximately $535 million which can only be used to finance the relocation and expansion of our manufacturing facility in China.

 

Cash and cash equivalents decreased primarily due to our planned actions, including contributions to the VEBA of $1,007 million, capital expenditures of $1,049 million, the early redemption of our $650 million senior secured notes due 2011 and the maturity and repayment of our $100 million 63/8% notes. Partially offsetting the reductions in cash was $700 million in borrowings on our $1.5 billion first lien revolving credit facility during the third quarter of 2008 due to a delay in receiving funds invested in The Reserve Primary Fund, to support seasonal working capital needs and to enhance the company’s cash liquidity position in an uncertain global economic environment.

 

At December 31, 2008, significant concentrations of cash and cash equivalents held by our international subsidiaries included the following amounts:

 

 

In the third quarter of 2008, we sought redemption of $360 million invested in The Reserve Primary Fund. Due to reported losses in its investment portfolio and other liquidity issues, the fund ceased honoring redemption requests. The Board of Trustees of the fund subsequently voted to liquidate the assets of the fund and approved periodic distributions of cash to its shareholders. In the fourth quarter of 2008, we received partial distributions of $284 million. At December 31, 2008, $71 million, net of a $5 million valuation allowance recorded in the fourth quarter, was classified as Prepaid expenses and other current assets, which represents the remaining funds still to be redeemed by The Reserve Primary Fund.

 

We believe that our liquidity position is adequate to fund our operating and investing needs and debt maturities in 2009 and to provide us with flexibility to respond to further changes in the business environment. The challenges of the present business environment may cause a material reduction in our liquidity as a result of an adverse change in our cash flow from operations or our access to credit or other capital (see “Item 1A. Risk Factors”). In December 2009, $500 million of floating rate notes mature. In addition, beginning in September 2009, SRI has certain minority exit rights, that if triggered and exercised, could require us to make a substantial payment to acquire SRI’s interests in our global alliance with them following the determination of the fair value of SRI’s interest. For further information regarding our global alliance with SRI, including the events that could trigger SRI’s exit rights, see “Item 1. Business. Description of Goodyear’s Business — Global Alliance.” As of the date of this filing, SRI has not provided us notice of any accrued exit rights that would become exercisable in September 2009.

Our ability to service debt and operational requirements depends in part on the results of operations of our subsidiaries and upon the ability of our subsidiaries to make distributions of cash to various other entities in our consolidated group, whether in the form of dividends, loans or otherwise. In certain countries where we operate, transfers of funds into or out of such countries by way of dividends, loans or advances are generally or periodically subject to various restrictions. The primary restriction is that, in certain countries, we must obtain approval from the foreign government and/or currency exchange board before net assets can be transferred out of the country. In addition, certain of our credit agreements and other debt instruments restrict the ability of foreign subsidiaries to make distributions of cash. Thus, we would have to repay and/or amend these credit agreements and other debt instruments in order to use this cash to service our consolidated debt. Because of the inherent uncertainty of overcoming these restrictions, we do not consider the net assets of our subsidiaries that are subject to such restrictions to be integral to our liquidity or readily available to service our debt and operational requirements. At December 31, 2008, approximately $331 million of net assets were subject to such restrictions, compared to approximately $308 million at December 31, 2007.

 

Operating Activities

 

Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities of continuing operations was $(745) million in 2008, compared to $92 million in 2007. The increase in net cash used in operating activities was due primarily to the $1,007 million contributions made to the VEBA partially offset by lower pension contributions and direct payments.

 

Net cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations was $92 million in 2007, decreasing $353 million from $445 million in 2006. The decrease was due primarily to increased working capital requirements following the end of the USW strike. Operating cash flows from continuing operations in 2007 were favorably impacted by improved operating results.

 

Investing Activities

 

Net cash used in investing activities of continuing operations was $1,136 million during 2008, compared to $606 million in 2007 and $498 million in 2006. Capital expenditures were $1,049 million, $739 million and $637 million in 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively. The increase in capital expenditures primarily relates to projects targeted at increasing our capacity for high value-added tires. Investing activities exclude $33 million and $132 million of accrued capital expenditures for 2008 and 2007, respectively. Investing activities includes a net cash outflow of $76 million for the reclassification of funds invested in The Reserve Primary Fund due to the delay in accessing our cash mentioned above. Cash flows from investing activities in 2008 included outflows of $84 million for the acquisition of approximately 6% of the outstanding shares of our tire manufacturing subsidiary in Poland and the acquisition of the remaining 25% ownership in our tire manufacturing and distribution subsidiary in China. This was partially offset by cash provided from the sale of assets each year as a result of the realignment of operations under rationalization programs. Cash was used in 2006 for the acquisition of the remaining outstanding shares that we did not already own of South Pacific Tyres Ltd., a joint venture tire manufacturer and distributor in Australia.

 

Cash flows from investing activities of discontinued operations in 2007 was $1,435 related primarily to the sale of our Engineered Products business.

 

Financing Activities

 

Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities of continuing operations was $348 million in 2008, $(1,426) million in 2007, and $1,648 million in 2006. Non-cash financing activities in 2007 included the issuance of 28.7 million shares of our common stock in exchange for approximately $346 million principal amount of our 4% convertible senior notes due 2034.

 

Consolidated debt at December 31, 2008 was $4,979 million, compared to $4,725 million at December 31, 2007. Cash flows in 2008 included debt incurred of approximately $1.8 billion offset by the repayment of approximately $1.5 billion of long term debt.

Consolidated debt at December 31, 2007 was $4,725 million, compared to $7,210 million at December 31, 2006. Cash flows in 2007 included the repayment of approximately $2.3 billion of long term debt offset by net proceeds from our public equity offering of approximately $833 million.

 

Credit Sources

 

In aggregate, we had credit arrangements of $7,127 million available at December 31, 2008, of which $1,677 million were unused, compared to $7,392 million available at December 31, 2007, of which $2,169 million were unused.

 

Outstanding Notes

 

At December 31, 2008, we had $1,882 million of outstanding notes as compared to $2,634 million at December 31, 2007.

 

Certain of our notes were issued pursuant to indentures that contain varying covenants and other terms. In general, the terms of our indentures, among other things, limit our ability and the ability of certain of our subsidiaries to (i) incur additional debt or issue redeemable preferred stock, (ii) pay dividends, or make certain other restricted payments or investments, (iii) incur liens, (iv) sell assets, (v) incur restrictions on the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends to us, (vi) enter into affiliate transactions, (vii) engage in sale and leaseback transactions, and (viii) consolidate, merge, sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets. These covenants are subject to significant exceptions and qualifications. For example, under certain of our indentures, if the notes are assigned an investment grade rating by Moody’s and S&P and no default has occurred or is continuing, certain covenants will be suspended.

 

On March 3, 2008, we redeemed $450 million in aggregate principal amount of our 11% senior secured notes due 2011 at a redemption price of 105.5% of the principal amount thereof and $200 million in aggregate principal amount of our senior secured floating rate notes due 2011 at a redemption price of 104% of the principal amount thereof, plus in each case accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date.

 

On March 17, 2008, we repaid our $100 million 63/8% senior notes at their maturity.

 

In the second quarter of 2008, the remaining $4 million of convertible notes were converted into approximately 0.3 million shares of Goodyear common stock.

 

For additional information on our outstanding notes, refer to the Note to Consolidated Financial Statements, No. 12, Financing Arrangements and Derivative Financial Instruments.

 

$1.5 Billion Amended and Restated First Lien Revolving Credit Facility due 2013

 

Our amended and restated first lien revolving credit facility is available in the form of loans or letters of credit, with letter of credit availability limited to $800 million. Subject to the consent of the lenders whose commitments are to be increased, we may request that the facility be increased by up to $250 million. Our obligations under the facility are guaranteed by most of our wholly-owned U.S. and Canadian subsidiaries. Our obligations under the facility and our subsidiaries’ obligations under the related guarantees are secured by first priority security interests in various collateral. Availability under the facility is subject to a borrowing base, which is based on eligible accounts receivable and inventory. To the extent that our eligible accounts receivable and inventory decline, our borrowing base will decrease and the availability under the facility may decrease below $1.5 billion. In addition, if at any time the amount of outstanding borrowings and letters of credit under the facility exceeds the borrowing base, we are required to prepay borrowings and/or cash collateralize letters of credit sufficient to eliminate the excess.

 

At December 31, 2008, we had $700 million outstanding and $497 million of letters of credit issued under the revolving credit facility. At December 31, 2007, there were no borrowings and $526 million of letters of credit were issued under the revolving credit facility.

 

$1.2 Billion Amended and Restated Second Lien Term Loan Facility due 2014

 

Our amended and restated second lien term loan facility is subject to the consent of the lenders making additional term loans, whereby, we may request that the facility be increased by up to $300 million. Our obligations under this

facility are guaranteed by most of our wholly-owned U.S. and Canadian subsidiaries and are secured by second priority security interests in the same collateral securing the $1.5 billion first lien credit facility. At December 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, this facility was fully drawn.

 

€505 Million Amended and Restated Senior Secured European and German Revolving Credit Facilities due 2012

 

Our amended and restated facilities consist of a €155 million German revolving credit facility, which is only available to certain of the German subsidiaries of GDTE (collectively, “German borrowers”) and a €350 million European revolving credit facility, which is available to the same German borrowers and to GDTE and certain of its other subsidiaries, with a €125 million sublimit for non-German borrowers and a €50 million letter of credit sublimit. Goodyear and its subsidiaries that guarantee our U.S. facilities provide unsecured guarantees to support the European revolving credit facilities and GDTE and certain of its subsidiaries in the United Kingdom, Luxembourg, France and Germany also provide guarantees. GDTE’s obligations under the facilities and the obligations of its subsidiaries under the related guarantees are secured by first priority security interests in a variety of collateral.

 

As of December 31, 2008, there were no borrowings under the German revolving credit facility and there were $10 million (€7 million) of letters of credit issued and $182 million (€130 million) of borrowings (including $84 million (€60 million) of borrowings by the non-German borrowers) under the European revolving credit facility. As of December 31, 2007, there were $12 million (€8 million) of letters of credit issued and no borrowings under the European revolving credit facility and no borrowings under the German revolving credit facility.

 

Each of our first lien revolving credit facility and our European and German revolving credit facilities have customary representations and warranties including, as a condition to borrowing, that all such representations and warranties are true and correct, in all material respects, on the date of the borrowing, including representations as to no material adverse change in our financial condition since December 31, 2006. For a description of the collateral securing the above facilities as well as the covenants applicable to them, please refer to the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 12, Financing Arrangements and Derivative Financial Instruments.

 

Covenant Compliance

 

As of December 31, 2008, we were in compliance with the material covenants imposed by our principal credit facilities.

 

EBITDA (per our Amended and Restated Credit Facilities)

 

Our amended and restated credit facilities state that we may only incur additional debt or make restricted payments that are not otherwise expressly permitted if, after giving effect to the debt incurrence or the restricted payment, our ratio of EBITDA (as defined in those facilities) (“Covenant EBITDA”) to Consolidated Interest Expense (as defined in those facilities) for the prior four fiscal quarters would exceed 2.0 to 1.0. Certain of our senior note indentures have substantially similar limitations on incurring debt and making restricted payments. In addition, if the amount of availability under our first lien revolving credit facility plus our Available Cash (as defined in that facility) is less than $150 million, we may not permit our ratio of Covenant EBITDA to Consolidated Interest Expense to be less than 2.0 to 1.0 for any period of four consecutive fiscal quarters.

 

Covenant EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure that is presented not as a measure of operating results, but rather as a measure of these limitations imposed under our credit facilities. Covenant EBITDA should not be construed as an alternative to either (i) income from operations or (ii) cash flows from operating activities. Our failure to comply with the financial covenants in our credit facilities could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and operations. As a limitation on our ability to incur debt in accordance with our credit facilities could affect our liquidity, we believe that the presentation of Covenant EBITDA provides investors with important information.

The following table presents the calculation of EBITDA and the calculation of Covenant EBITDA in accordance with the definitions in our amended and restated credit facilities for the periods indicated. Other companies may calculate similarly titled measures differently than we do. Certain line items are presented as defined in the credit facilities and do not reflect amounts as presented in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Those line items also include discontinued operations.

 

 

 

 

Notes Payable and Overdrafts

 

At December 31, 2008, we had short term committed and uncommitted bank credit arrangements totaling $481 million, of which $216 million were unused, compared to $564 million and $339 million at December 31, 2007. The continued availability of these arrangements is at the discretion of the relevant lender, and a portion of these arrangements may be terminated at any time.

 

Other Foreign Credit Facilities

 

During the third quarter of 2008, we executed financing agreements in China. The facilities will provide for availability of up to 3.66 billion renminbi (approximately $535 million at December 31, 2008) and can only be used to finance the relocation and expansion of our manufacturing facilities in China. There were no amounts outstanding at December 31, 2008.

 

International Accounts Receivable Securitization Facilities (On-Balance Sheet)

 

On July 23, 2008, certain of our European subsidiaries amended and restated the pan-European accounts receivable securitization facility. The amendments increased the funding capacity of the facility from €275 million to €450 million and extended the expiration date from 2009 to 2015. The facility is subject to customary annual renewal of back-up liquidity commitments.

 

The amended facility involves an ongoing daily sale of substantially all of the trade accounts receivable of certain GDTE subsidiaries to a bankruptcy-remote French company controlled by one of the liquidity banks in the facility. These subsidiaries retain servicing responsibilities. It is an event of default under the facility if the ratio of GDTE’s consolidated net indebtedness to its consolidated EBITDA is greater than 3.0 to 1.0. This financial covenant will automatically be amended to conform to the European credit facilities upon any amendment of such covenant in the European credit facilities. The defined terms used for this financial covenant are substantially similar to those included in the European credit facilities.

As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, the amount available and fully utilized under this program totaled $483 million (€346 million) and $403 million (€275 million), respectively. The program did not qualify for sale accounting, and accordingly, these amounts are included in Long-term debt and capital leases.

 

In addition to the pan-European accounts receivable securitization facility discussed above, subsidiaries in Australia have accounts receivable securitization programs totaling $61 million and $78 million at December 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, respectively. These amounts are included in Notes payable and overdrafts.

 

Accounts Receivable Factoring Facilities (Off-Balance Sheet)

 

Various subsidiaries sold certain of their trade receivables under off-balance sheet programs during 2008 and 2007. The receivable financing programs of these subsidiaries did not utilize a special purpose entity (“SPE”). At December 31, 2008 and 2007, the gross amount of receivables sold was $116 million and $152 million, respectively.

 

Credit Ratings

 

Our credit ratings as of the date of this report are presented below:

 

 

Although we do not request ratings from Fitch, the rating agency rates our secured debt facilities (BB+) and our unsecured debt (B+).

 

A rating reflects only the view of a rating agency, and is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold securities. Any rating can be revised upward or downward at any time by a rating agency if such rating agency decides that circumstances warrant such a change.

 

Potential Future Financings

 

In addition to our previous financing activities, we may seek to undertake additional financing actions which could include restructuring bank debt or a capital markets transaction, possibly including the issuance of additional debt or equity. Given the challenges that we face and the uncertainties of the market conditions, access to the capital markets cannot be assured.

 

Our future liquidity requirements may make it necessary for us to incur additional debt. However, a substantial portion of our assets are already subject to liens securing our indebtedness. As a result, we are limited in our ability to pledge our remaining assets as security for additional secured indebtedness. In addition, no assurance can be given as to our ability to raise additional unsecured debt.

 

Dividends

 

Under our primary credit facilities we are permitted to pay dividends on our common stock as long as no default will have occurred and be continuing, additional indebtedness can be incurred under the credit facilities following the payment, and certain financial tests are satisfied.

Asset Acquisitions and Dispositions

 

In March 2008, we acquired an additional 6.12% ownership of TC Debica S.A., our tire manufacturing subsidiary in Poland, by purchasing outstanding shares held by minority shareholders for $46 million. As a result of the acquisition, we recorded goodwill totaling $28 million. We have agreed to use our reasonable best efforts to procure from our Board of Directors, between March 2008 and August 2009, the approval to announce a tender offer for the remaining outstanding shares of that subsidiary that we do not already own, provided that such tender offer can be accomplished without the use of substantial cash financing from Goodyear. We also have agreed to facilitate the expansion of the daily commercial truck tire production capacity in Debica.

 

In October 2008, we acquired the remaining 25% ownership interest in Goodyear Dalian Tire Company Ltd., our tire manufacturing and distribution subsidiary in China. The amount of our additional investment and the impact on our results of operations and financial position were not material.

 

Given tightening credit markets and difficult economic conditions in certain of our major markets that have led to lower customer demand, we are deferring certain capital investments until circumstances improve. We now expect capital investments of between $700 million and $800 million in 2009.

 

The restrictions on asset sales imposed by our material indebtedness have not affected our strategy of divesting non-core businesses, and those divestitures have not affected our ability to comply with those restrictions.

 

COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES

 

Contractual Obligations

 

The following table presents our contractual obligations and commitments to make future payments as of December 31, 2008:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Additional other long term liabilities include items such as general and product liabilities, environmental liabilities and miscellaneous other long term liabilities. These other liabilities are not contractual obligations by nature. We cannot, with any degree of reliability, determine the years in which these liabilities might ultimately be settled. Accordingly, these other long term liabilities are not included in the above table.

 

In addition, the following contingent contractual obligations, the amounts of which cannot be estimated, are not included in the table above:

 

 

 

We do not engage in the trading of commodity contracts or any related derivative contracts. We generally purchase raw materials and energy through short term, intermediate and long term supply contracts at fixed prices or at formula prices related to market prices or negotiated prices. We may, however, from time to time, enter into contracts to hedge our energy costs.

 

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

 

An off-balance sheet arrangement is any transaction, agreement or other contractual arrangement involving an unconsolidated entity under which a company has:

 

 

We have entered into certain arrangements under which we have provided guarantees that are off-balance sheet arrangements. Those guarantees were not significant at December 31, 2008. For further information about our guarantees, refer to the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 20, Commitments and Contingent Liabilities.

 

FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION — SAFE HARBOR STATEMENT

 

Certain information in this Form 10-K (other than historical data and information) may constitute forward-looking statements regarding events and trends that may affect our future operating results and financial position. The words “estimate,” “expect,” “intend” and “project,” as well as other words or expressions of similar meaning, are intended to identify forward-looking statements. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this Form 10-K. Such statements are based on current expectations and assumptions, are inherently uncertain, are subject to risks and should be viewed with caution. Actual results and experience may differ materially from the forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including: