Blueprint
 
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION 
 
Washington, D.C. 20549 
 
FORM 6-K 
 
REPORT OF FOREIGN PRIVATE ISSUER 
 
Pursuant to Rule 13a-16 or 15d-16 of
the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 
 
For the month of August, 2017
 
PRUDENTIAL PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY 
 
(Translation of registrant's name into English) 
 
LAURENCE POUNTNEY HILL,
LONDON, EC4R 0HH, ENGLAND
(Address of principal executive offices)


 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant files or will file annual reports
under cover Form 20-F or Form 40-F.
Form 20-F X           Form 40-F


Indicate by check mark whether the registrant by furnishing the information
contained in this Form is also thereby furnishing the information to the
Commission pursuant to Rule 12g3-2(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
 
Yes              No X


 
If "Yes" is marked, indicate below the file number assigned to the registrant
in connection with Rule 12g3-2(b): 82-
 
European Embedded Value (EEV) Basis Results
 
POST-TAX OPERATING PROFIT BASED ON LONGER-TERM INVESTMENT RETURNS
 
Results analysis by business area
 
 
 
 
2017 £m
 
2016 £m
 
 
 
Half year
 
Half year
Full year
 
 
Note
 
 
notes (iii)(iv)
note (iii)
Asia operations
 
 
 
 
 
New business
3
1,092
 
821
2,030
Business in force
4
549
 
388
1,044
Long-term business
 
1,641
 
1,209
3,074
Eastspring Investments
 
73
 
53
125
Total
 
1,714
 
1,262
3,199
US operations
 
 
 
 
 
New business
3
436
 
311
790
Business in force
4
452
 
383
1,181
Long-term business
 
888
 
694
1,971
Broker-dealer and asset management
 
(4)
 
(8)
(3)
Total
 
884
 
686
1,968
UK operations
 
 
 
 
 
New business
3
161
 
125
268
Business in force
4
304
 
259
375
Long-term business
 
465
 
384
643
General insurance commission
 
14
 
15
23
Total UK insurance operations
 
479
 
399
666
M&G
 
201
 
181
341
Prudential Capital
 
5
 
11
22
Total
 
685
 
591
1,029
Other income and expenditurenote (i)
 
(386)
 
(302)
(679)
Solvency II and restructuring costsnote (ii)
 
(27)
 
(17)
(57)
Interest received from tax settlement
 
-
 
37
37
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns
 
2,870
 
2,257
5,497
 
 
 
 
 
 
Analysed as profit (loss) from:
 
 
 
 
 
New business
3
1,689
 
1,257
3,088
Business in force
4
1,305
 
1,030
2,600
Long-term business
 
2,994
 
2,287
5,688
Asset management and general insurance commission
 
289
 
252
508
Other results
 
(413)
 
(282)
(699)
 
 
2,870
 
2,257
5,497
 
Notes
(i)
EEV basis other income and expenditure represents the post-tax IFRS basis result less the unwind of expected margins on the internal management of the assets of the covered business (as explained in note 12(a)(vii)).
(ii) 
Solvency II and restructuring costs comprise the net-of-tax charge recognised on an IFRS basis and the additional amount recognised on an EEV basis for the shareholders’ share incurred by the PAC with-profits fund.
(iii) 
The comparative results have been prepared using previously reported average exchange rates for the period.
(iv) 
The Group completed the sale of its life business in Korea in May 2017. In order to show the results of the retained operations on a comparable basis, operating profit based on longer-term investment returns excludes the results attributable to the sold Korea life business for all periods shown, as described in note 15. For half year 2016 this has resulted in a reclassification of £6 million of operating profit attributable to the Korea life business to non-operating profit. This approach has been adopted consistently throughout this supplementary information.
 
 
POST-TAX SUMMARISED CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENT
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2017 £m
 
2016 £m
 
Note
Half year
 
Half year*
Full year
Asia operations
 
1,714
 
1,262
3,199
US operations
 
884
 
686
1,968
UK operations
 
685
 
591
1,029
Other income and expenditure
 
(386)
 
(302)
(679)
Solvency II and restructuring costs
 
(27)
 
(17)
(57)
Interest received from tax settlement
 
-
 
37
37
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns
 
2,870
 
2,257
5,497
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns
5
739
 
479
(507)
Effect of changes in economic assumptions
6
(50)
 
(1,318)
(60)
Mark to market value movements on core borrowings
 
(262)
 
(13)
(4)
Loss attaching to the sold Korea life business
15
-
 
(11)
(410)
Total non-operating profit (loss)
 
427
 
(863)
(981)
Profit for the period attributable to equity holders of the Company
 
3,297
 
1,394
4,516
 
Basic earnings per share
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2017
 
2016
 
 
Half year
 
Half year*
Full year
Based on post-tax operating profit including longer-term investment returns (in pence)
 
111.9p
 
88.2p
214.7p
Based on post-tax profit attributable to equity holders of the Company (in pence)
 
128.5p
 
54.5p
176.4p
Average number of shares (millions)
 
2,565
 
2,558
2,560
 
The half year 2016 comparative operating result has been adjusted to exclude the result attributable to the sold Korea life business (see note 15).
 
 
MOVEMENT IN SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2017 £m
 
2016 £m
 
 
 
Note
Half year
 
Half year
Full year
Profit for the period attributable to equity shareholders
 
3,297
 
1,394
4,516
Items taken directly to equity:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Exchange movements on foreign operations and net investment hedges
 
(1,045)
 
2,663
4,211
 
Dividends
 
(786)
 
(935)
(1,267)
 
Mark to market value movements on Jackson assets backing surplus and
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
required capital
 
31
 
138
(11)
 
Other reserve movements
 
55
 
(165)
(367)
Net increase in shareholders’ equity
8
1,552
 
3,095
7,082
Shareholders’ equity at beginning of period
 
38,968
 
31,886
31,886
Shareholders’ equity at end of period
8
40,520
 
34,981
38,968
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
30 Jun 2017 £m
 
30 Jun 2016 £m
 
31 Dec 2016 £m
Comprising: 
Long-term
business operations
Asset
manage-ment
and other operations
Total
 
Long-term
business
operations
Asset
manage-
ment
and other operations
Total
 
Long-term
business
operations
Asset
manage-
ment
and other operations
Total
 
 
note 8
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Asia operations
19,851
382
20,233
 
16,578
352
16,930
 
18,717
383
19,100
US operations
11,370
202
11,572
 
10,150
201
10,351
 
11,805
204
12,009
UK insurance operations
10,865
14
10,879
 
10,075
37
10,112
 
10,307
25
10,332
M&G
-
1,868
1,868
 
-
1,838
1,838
 
-
1,820
1,820
Prudential Capital
-
61
61
 
-
31
31
 
-
22
22
Other operations
-
(4,093)
(4,093)
 
-
(4,281)
(4,281)
 
-
(4,315)
(4,315)
Shareholders’ equity at end of period
42,086
(1,566)
40,520
 
36,803
(1,822)
34,981
 
40,829
(1,861)
38,968
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Representing:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net assets excluding acquired goodwill
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
and holding company net borrowings
41,841
1,305
43,146
 
36,545
270
36,815
 
40,584
961
41,545
Acquired goodwill
245
1,230
1,475
 
258
1,230
1,488
 
245
1,230
1,475
Holding company net borrowings
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
at market valuenote 7
-
(4,101)
(4,101)
 
-
(3,322)
(3,322)
 
-
(4,052)
(4,052)
 
42,086
(1,566)
40,520
 
36,803
(1,822)
34,981
 
40,829
(1,861)
38,968
 
 
 
SUMMARY STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2017 £m
 
2016 £m
 
 
 
Note
30 Jun
 
30 Jun
31 Dec
Total assets less liabilities, before deduction for insurance funds
 
419,810
 
381,242
407,928
Less insurance funds:*
 
 
 
 
 
 
Policyholder liabilities (net of reinsurers’ share) and unallocated surplus
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
of with-profits funds
 
(404,361)
 
(366,637)
(393,262)
 
Less shareholders’ accrued interest in the long-term business
8
25,071
 
20,376
24,302
 
 
 
 
(379,290)
 
(346,261)
(368,960)
Total net assets
8
40,520
 
34,981
38,968
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Share capital
 
129
 
128
129
Share premium
 
1,937
 
1,921
1,927
IFRS basis shareholders’ reserves
 
13,383
 
12,556
12,610
Total IFRS basis shareholders’ equity
8
15,449
 
14,605
14,666
Additional EEV basis retained profit
8
25,071
 
20,376
24,302
Total EEV basis shareholders’ equity (excluding non-controlling interests)
8
40,520
 
34,981
38,968
 
* Including liabilities in respect of insurance products classified as investment contracts under IFRS 4.
 
 
Net asset value per share
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2017
 
2016
 
 
 
30 Jun
 
30 Jun
31 Dec
Based on EEV basis shareholders’ equity of £40,520 million
 
 
 
 
 
 
(half year 2016: £34,981 million, full year 2016: £38,968 million) (in pence)
 
1,567p
 
1,356p
1,510p
Number of issued shares at period end (millions)
 
2,586
 
2,579
2,581
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Annualised return on embedded value*
 
15%
 
14%
17%
 
Annualised return on embedded value is based on EEV post-tax operating profit, as a percentage of opening EEV basis shareholders’ equity. Half year profits are annualised by multiplying by two.
 
 
NOTES ON THE EEV BASIS RESULTS
 
1 Basis of preparation
 
The EEV basis results have been prepared in accordance with the EEV Principles dated April 2016, issued by the European Insurance CFO Forum. Where appropriate, the EEV basis results include the effects of adoption of EU-endorsed IFRS.
 
The directors are responsible for the preparation of the supplementary information in accordance with the EEV Principles. The EEV basis results of half year 2017 and half year 2016 are unaudited. The full year 2016 results have been derived from the EEV basis results supplement to the Company’s statutory accounts for 2016. The supplement included an unqualified audit report from the auditors.
 
A detailed description of the EEV methodology and accounting presentation is provided in note 12.
 
 
2  Results analysis by business area
 
The half year 2016 comparative results are shown below on both actual exchange rates (AER) and constant exchange rates (CER) bases. The half year 2016 CER comparative results are translated at half year 2017 average exchange rates.
 
Annual premium equivalents (APE)note 14
 
 
Half year 2017 £m
 
Half year 2016* £m
 
% change
 
Note
 
 
AER
CER
 
AER
CER
Asia operations
 
 1,943
 
1,605
1,814
 
21%
7%
US operations
 
 960
 
782
889
 
23%
8%
UK operations**
 
 721
 
593
593
 
22%
22%
Group Total
3
 3,624
 
2,980
3,296
 
22%
10%
 
Post-tax operating profit
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Half year 2017 £m
 
Half year 2016* £m
 
% change
 
Note
 
 
AER
CER
 
AER
CER
Asia operations
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
New business
3
1,092
 
821
928
 
33%
18%
Business in force
4
549
 
388
433
 
41%
27%
Long-term business
 
1,641
 
1,209
1,361
 
36%
21%
Eastspring Investments
 
73
 
53
60
 
38%
22%
Total
 
1,714
 
1,262
1,421
 
36%
21%
US operations
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
New business
3
436
 
311
354
 
40%
23%
Business in force
4
452
 
383
435
 
18%
4%
Long-term business
 
888
 
694
789
 
28%
13%
Broker-dealer and asset management
 
(4)
 
(8)
(9)
 
50%
56%
Total
 
884
 
686
780
 
29%
13%
UK operations
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
New business
3
161
 
125
125
 
29%
29%
Business in force
4
304
 
259
259
 
17%
17%
Long-term business
 
465
 
384
384
 
21%
21%
General insurance commission
 
14
 
15
15
 
(7)%
(7)%
Total UK insurance operations
 
479
 
399
399
 
20%
20%
M&G
 
201
 
181
181
 
11%
11%
Prudential Capital
 
5
 
11
11
 
(55)%
(55)%
Total
 
685
 
591
591
 
16%
16%
Other income and expenditure
 
(386)
 
(302)
(309)
 
(28)%
(25)%
Solvency II and restructuring costs
 
(27)
 
(17)
(17)
 
(59)%
(59)%
Interest received from tax settlement
 
-
 
37
37
 
n/a
n/a
Operating profit based on
   longer-term investment returns
 
2,870
 
2,257
2,503
 
27%
15%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Analysed as profit (loss) from:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
New business
3
1,689
 
1,257
1,407
 
34%
20%
Business in force
4
1,305
 
1,030
1,127
 
27%
16%
Total long-term business
 
2,994
 
2,287
2,534
 
31%
18%
Asset management and general insurance commission
 
289
 
252
258
 
15%
12%
Other results
 
(413)
 
(282)
(289)
 
(46)%
(43)%
Operating profit based on
   longer-term investment returns
 
2,870
 
2,257
2,503
 
27%
15%
 
The half year 2016 comparative operating result has been adjusted to exclude the result attributable to the sold Korea life business (see note 15).
** 
No UK bulk annuity transactions were recorded in half year 2017 or half year 2016.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Post-tax profit
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Half year 2017 £m
 
Half year 2016* £m
 
% change
 
 
Note
 
 
AER
CER
 
AER
CER
Operating profit based on longer-term
   investment returns
 
2,870
 
2,257
2,503
 
27%
15%
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns
 5
739
 
479
504
 
54%
47%
Effect of changes in economic assumptions
 6
(50)
 
(1,318)
(1,475)
 
96%
97%
Mark to market value movements on
   core borrowings
 
(262)
 
(13)
(14)
 
(1,915)%
(1,771)%
Loss attaching to the sold Korea life business
15
-
 
(11)
(12)
 
n/a
n/a
Total non-operating profit (loss)
 
427
 
(863)
(997)
 
149%
143%
Profit for the period attributable to
   shareholders
 
3,297
 
1,394
1,506
 
137%
119%
 
The half year 2016 comparative operating result has been adjusted to exclude the result attributable to the sold Korea life business (see note 15).
 
Basic earnings per share (in pence)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Half year 2017
 
Half year 2016*
 
% change
 
 
 
 
 
AER
CER
 
AER
CER
Based on post-tax operating profit
   including longer-term investment returns
 
111.9p
 
88.2p
97.8p
 
27%
14%
Based on post-tax profit
 
128.5p
 
54.5p
58.9p
 
136%
118%
 
The half year 2016 comparative operating result has been adjusted to exclude the result attributable to the sold Korea life business (see note 15).
 
 
3 Analysis of new business contribution
 
(i)
Group summary
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Half year 2017
 
Annual premium
and contribution
equivalents (APE)
Present value
of new business
premiums (PVNBP)
New business
contribution
 
New business margin
 
 
 
 
 
 
APE
PVNBP
 
£m
£m
£m
 
%
%
 
note 14
note 14
note
 
 
 
Asia operationsnote (ii)
 1,943
 10,095
 1,092
 
56
10.8
US operations
 960
 9,602
 436
 
45
4.5
UK operations
 721
 6,616
 161
 
22
2.4
Total
 3,624
 26,313
 1,689
 
47
6.4
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Half year 2016*
 
Annual premium
and contribution
equivalents (APE)
Present value
of new business
premiums (PVNBP)
New business
contribution
 
New business margin
 
 
 
 
 
 
APE
PVNBP
 
£m
£m
£m
 
%
%
 
note 14
note 14
 
 
 
 
Asia operationsnote (ii)
 1,605
 8,679
 821
 
51
9.5
US operations
 782
 7,816
 311
 
40
4.0
UK operations
 593
 5,267
 125
 
21
2.4
Total
 2,980
 21,762
 1,257
 
42
5.8
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Full year 2016
 
Annual premium
and contribution
equivalents (APE)
Present value
of new business
premiums (PVNBP)
New business
contribution
 
New business margin
 
 
 
 
 
 
APE
PVNBP
 
£m
£m
£m
 
%
%
 
note 14
note 14
 
 
 
 
Asia operationsnote (ii)
 3,599
 19,271
 2,030
 
56
10.5
US operations
 1,561
 15,608
 790
 
51
5.1
UK operations
 1,160
 10,513
 268
 
23
2.5
Total
 6,320
 45,392
 3,088
 
49
6.8
 
The half year 2016 comparative result has been adjusted to exclude the result attributable to the sold Korea life business (see note 15).
 
Note
The increase in new business contribution of £432 million from £1,257 million for half year 2016 to £1,689 million for half year 2017 comprises an increase on a CER basis of £282 million and an increase of £150 million for foreign exchange effects. The increase of £282 million on a CER basis comprises a contribution of £140 million for higher sales volumes in half year 2017 and a £142 million benefit from movements in long-term interest rates, generated by the active basis of setting economic assumptions (analysed as Asia £74 million, US £62 million and UK £6 million).
 
(ii) 
Asia operations – new business contribution by business unit
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2017 £m
 
2016 £m
 
Half year
 
AER
Half year*
CER
Half year*
 
AER
Full year
China
67
 
22
24
 
63
Hong Kong
706
 
539
612
 
1,363
Indonesia
88
 
87
100
 
175
Taiwan
27
 
9
11
 
31
Other
204
 
164
181
 
398
Total Asia operations
1,092
 
821
928
 
2,030
 
The half year 2016 comparative result has been adjusted to exclude the result attributable to the sold Korea life business (see note 15).
 
 
4 Operating profit from business in force
 
(i) Group summary
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Half year 2017 £m
 
Asia
operations
US
operations
UK
operations
Total
 
note (ii)
note (iii)
note (iv)
note
Unwind of discount and other expected returns
499
312
232
1,043
Effect of changes in operating assumptions
6
-
-
6
Experience variances and other items
44
140
72
256
Total
549
452
304
1,305
 
 
 
 
 
 
Half year 2016* £m
 
Asia
operations
US
operations
UK
operations
Total 
 
note (ii)
note (iii)
note (iv)
 
Unwind of discount and other expected returns
373
209
205
787
Effect of changes in operating assumptions
2
-
-
2
Experience variances and other items
13
174
54
241
Total
388
383
259
1,030
 
 
 
 
 
 
Full year 2016 £m
 
Asia
operations
US
operations
UK
operations
Total
 
 
note (ii)
note (iii)
note (iv)
 
Unwind of discount and other expected returns
866
583
445
1,894
Effect of changes in operating assumptions
54
170
25
249
Experience variances and other items
124
428
(95)
457
Total
1,044
1,181
375
2,600
 
The half year 2016 comparative result has been adjusted to exclude the result attributable to the sold Korea life business (see note 15).
 
Note
The movement in operating profit from business in force of £275 million from £1,030 million for half year 2016 to £1,305 million for half year 2017 comprises:
 
 
 
 
£m
Movement in unwind of discount and other expected returns:
 
 
Effects of changes in:
 
 
 
Growth in opening value
105
 
 
Interest rates and other economic assumptions
76
 
 
Foreign exchange
75
 
 
 
256
Movement in effect of changes in operating assumptions, experience variances and other items (including foreign exchange of £22 million)
19
Net movement in operating profit from business in force
275
 
 
(ii) Asia operations
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2017 £m
 
2016 £m
 
 
Half year
 
Half year*
Full year
Unwind of discount and other expected returnsnote (a)
499
 
373
866
Effect of changes in operating assumptions:
 
 
 
 
 
Mortality and morbidity
-
 
-
33
 
Persistency and withdrawals
3
 
3
(47)
 
Expense
3
 
-
15
 
Other
-
 
(1)
53
 
 
6
 
2
54
Experience variances and other items:
 
 
 
 
 
Mortality and morbiditynote (b) 
36
 
27
71
 
Persistency and withdrawalsnote (c) 
11
 
(17)
52
 
Expense
(13)
 
(8)
(23)
 
Other
10
 
11
24
 
 
44
 
13
124
Total Asia operations
549
 
388
1,044
 
The half year 2016 comparative result has been adjusted to exclude the result attributable to the sold Korea life business (see note 15).
 
Notes
(a)
The increase in unwind of discount and other expected returns of £126 million from £373 million for half year 2016 to £499 million for half year 2017 comprises a positive £45 million effect for the growth in the opening in-force value and a positive £46 million foreign exchange effect, together with a £35 million benefit from the increase in long-term interest rates across most business units since 30 June 2016 and the effect of changes in other economic assumptions (see note 13(i)).
(b)
The positive mortality and morbidity experience variance in half year 2017 of £36 million (half year 2016: £27 million; full year 2016: £71 million) reflects better than expected experience in a number of business units.
(c)
The positive £11 million for persistency and withdrawals experience in half year 2017 comprises positive and negative contributions from various operations, with positive persistency experience on participating and health and protection products more than offsetting negative experience on unit-linked products.
 
(iii) 
US operations
 
 
 
2017 £m
 
2016 £m
 
 
Half year
 
Half year
Full year
Unwind of discount and other expected returnsnote (a)
312
 
209
583
Effect of changes in operating assumptions
-
 
-
170
 
 
 
 
 
 
Experience variances and other items:
 
 
 
 
 
Spread experience variancenote (b)
42
 
60
119
 
Amortisation of interest-related realised gains and lossesnote (c)
47
 
39
88
 
Othernote (d)
51
 
75
221
 
 
140
 
174
428
Total US operations
452
 
383
1,181
 
Notes
(a)
The increase in unwind of discount and other expected returns of £103 million from £209 million for half year 2016 to £312 million for half year 2017 comprises a positive £43 million effect for the underlying growth in the in-force book and a positive £29 million foreign exchange effect, together with a £31 million benefit from the 80 basis points increase in the US 10-year treasury yield since 30 June 2016.
(b)
The spread assumption for Jackson is determined on a longer-term basis, net of provision for defaults (see note 13(ii)). The spread experience variance in half year 2017 of £42 million (half year 2016: £60 million; full year 2016: £119 million) includes the positive effect of transactions previously undertaken to more closely match the overall asset and liability duration. The reduction compared to the prior period reflects the effects of declining yields in the portfolio caused by the prolonged low interest rate environment.
(c)
The amortisation of interest-related gains and losses reflects the fact that when bonds that are neither impaired nor deteriorating are sold and reinvested there will be a consequent change in the investment yield. The realised gain or loss is amortised into the result over the period when the bonds would have otherwise matured to better reflect the long-term returns included in operating profits.
(d)
Other experience variances of £51 million in half year 2017 (half year 2016: £75 million; full year 2016: £221 million) include the effects of positive persistency experience and other variances.
 
(iv) UK insurance operations
 
 
2017 £m
 
2016 £m
 
Half year
 
Half year
Full year
Unwind of discount and other expected returnsnote (a)
232
 
205
445
Reduction in corporate tax ratenote (b)
-
 
-
25
Other itemsnote (c)
72
 
54
(95)
Total UK insurance operations
304
 
259
375
 
Notes
(a)
The increase in unwind of discount and expected returns of £27 million from £205 million for half year 2016 to £232 million for half year 2017 comprises a positive £17 million effect for the underlying growth in the in-force book and a £10 million effect driven by the 20 basis points increase in the UK 15-year gilt yield since 30 June 2016.
(b)
The full year 2016 credit of £25 million for the reduction in UK corporate tax rate reflected the beneficial effect of applying lower corporation tax rates (see note 13) to future life profits from in-force business in the UK.
(c)
Other items comprise the following:
 
 
2017 £m
 
2016 £m
 
 
Half year
 
Half year
Full year
 
Longevity reinsurance
(6)
 
(10)
(90)
 
Impact of specific management actions to improve solvency position
65
 
41
110
 
Provision for cost of undertaking past non-advised annuity sales review and potential redressnote (d)
-
 
-
(145)
 
Other itemsnote (e)
13
 
23
30
 
 
72
 
54
(95)
 
(d)
In response to the findings of the FCA’s Thematic Review of Annuities Sales Practices, the UK business will review all internally vesting annuities sold without advice after 1 July 2008. Reflecting this, the UK full year 2016 result included a provision of £145 million (post-tax) for the estimated cost of the review and any appropriate customer redress, but excluded any potential for insurance recoveries. Other than to cover the small amount of costs incurred in the period, no change has been made to this provision as at 30 June 2017.
(e)
The half year 2017 credit of £13 million (half year 2016: £23 million; full year 2016: £30 million) comprises experience variances for mortality, expense and other items.
 
 
5 Short-term fluctuations in investment returns
 
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns included in profit for the period arise as follows:
 
(i) Group summary
 
 
2017 £m
 
2016 £m
 
Half year
 
Half year*
Full year
Asia operationsnote (ii)
544
 
373
(100)
US operationsnote (iii)
(126)
 
(237)
(1,102)
UK insurance operationsnote (iv)
215
 
506
869
Other operationsnote (v)
106
 
(163)
(174)
Total
739
 
479
(507)
 
The half year 2016 comparative result has been adjusted to exclude the result attributable to the sold Korea life business (see note 15).
 
(ii) Asia operations
The short-term fluctuations in investment returns for Asia operations comprise:
 
 
2017 £m
 
2016 £m
 
Half year
 
Half year*
Full year
Hong Kong
371
 
237
(105)
Singapore
85
 
26
52
Other
88
 
110
(47)
Total Asia operationsnote
544
 
373
(100)
 
The half year 2016 comparative result has been adjusted to exclude the result attributable to the sold Korea life business (see note 15).
 
Note
For half year 2017, the credit of £544 million principally arises from unrealised gains on bonds driven by decreases in long-term interest rates across the business units (as shown in note 13(i)) and higher than assumed returns on equities backing with-profits business in Hong Kong.
 
(iii) US operations
The short-term fluctuations in investment returns for US operations comprise:
 
 
 
2017 £m
 
2016 £m
 
 
Half year
 
Half year
Full year
Investment return related experience on fixed income securitiesnote (a)
-
 
(64)
(85)
Investment return related impact due to changed expectation of profits on in-force
   variable annuity business in future periods based on current period separate account
   return, net of related hedging activity and other itemsnote (b)
(126)
 
(173)
(1,017)
Total US operations
(126)
 
(237)
(1,102)
 
Notes
(a)
The net result relating to fixed income securities reflects a number of offsetting items as follows:
-
the impact on portfolio yields of changes in the asset portfolio in the period;
-
the excess of actual realised gains and losses over the amortisation of interest-related realised gains and losses recorded in the profit and loss account; and
-
credit experience (versus the longer-term assumption).
(b)
This item reflects the net impact of:
-
changes in projected future fees and future benefit costs arising from the difference between the actual growth in separate account asset values of 7.9 per cent and that assumed of 2.9 per cent for the period ended 30 June 2017; and
-
related hedging activity arising from realised and unrealised gains and losses on equity-related hedges and interest rate options, and other items.
 
(iv) UK insurance operations
The short-term fluctuations in investment returns for UK insurance operations comprise:
 
 
2017 £m
 
2016 £m
 
Half year
 
Half year
Full year
Shareholder-backed annuity businessnote (a)
204
 
335
431
With-profits and othernote (b)
11
 
171
438
Total UK operations
215
 
506
869
 
Notes
(a)
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns for shareholder-backed annuity business includes:
-
gains on surplus assets compared to the expected long-term rate of return reflecting reductions in corporate bond and gilt yields; and
-
the difference between actual and expected default experience.
(b)
The positive £11 million fluctuation in half year 2017 for with-profits and other business represents the impact of achieving a 4.3 per cent pre-tax return on the with-profits fund (including unallocated surplus) compared to the assumed rate of return of 2.6 per cent for the period ended 30 June 2017 (half year 2016: achieved return of 5.3 per cent compared to assumed rate of 2.3 per cent; full year 2016: achieved return of 13.6 per cent compared to assumed rate of 5.0 per cent), partially offset by the effect of a partial hedge of future shareholder transfers expected to emerge from the UK’s with-profits sub-fund entered into to protect future shareholder with-profit transfers from movements in the UK equity market.
 
(v) Other operations
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns for other operations of positive £106 million (half year 2016: negative £(163) million; full year 2016: negative £(174) million) include unrealised value movements on financial instruments held outside of the main life operations.
 
 
6  Effect of changes in economic assumptions
 
The effects of changes in economic assumptions for in-force business included in the profit for the period arise as follows:
 
(i)
Group summary
 
 
2017 £m
 
2016 £m
 
Half year
 
Half year*
Full year
Asia operationsnote (ii)
55
 
(559)
70
US operationsnote (iii)
(159)
 
(542)
45
UK insurance operationsnote (iv)
54
 
(217)
(175)
Total
(50)
 
(1,318)
(60)
 
The half year 2016 comparative result has been adjusted to exclude the result attributable to the sold Korea life business (see note 15).
 
(ii) 
Asia operations
The effect of changes in economic assumptions for Asia operations comprises:
 
 
2017 £m
 
2016 £m
 
Half year
 
Half year*
Full year
Hong Kong
(72)
 
(483)
85
Indonesia
67
 
89
46
Malaysia
(20)
 
9
(20)
Singapore
59
 
(20)
(60)
Taiwan
(16)
 
(78)
12
Other
37
 
(76)
7
Total Asia operationsnote
55
 
(559)
70
 
The half year 2016 comparative result has been adjusted to exclude the result attributable to the sold Korea life business (see note 15).
 
Note
The positive effect for half year 2017 of £55 million largely arises from the movements in long-term interest rates (see note 13(i)), with losses arising from lower interest rates and hence lower fund earned rates in Hong Kong, Malaysia and Taiwan, more than offset by profits arising from the beneficial impact of valuing future profits at lower discount rates in Indonesia and Singapore, together with £117 million for the net effect of various changes to the basis of setting economic assumptions (see note 12(a)(viii) and note 13(i)).
 
(iii) 
US operations
The effect of changes in economic assumptions for US operations comprises:
 
 
2017 £m
 
2016 £m
 
Half year
 
Half year
Full year
Variable annuity business
(194)
 
(709)
86
Fixed annuity and other general account business
35
 
167
(41)
Total US operationsnote
(159)
 
(542)
45
 
Note
For half year 2017, the charge of £(159) million mainly reflects the decrease in the assumed separate account return and reinvestment rates for variable annuity business, following the 20 basis points decrease in the US 10-year treasury yield in the period, resulting in lower projected fee income and an increase in projected benefit costs. For fixed annuity and other general account business, the impact reflects the effect on the present value of future projected spread income of applying a lower discount rate on the opening value of the in-force book.
 
(iv) 
UK insurance operations
The effect of changes in economic assumptions for UK insurance operations comprises:
 
 
2017 £m
 
2016 £m
 
Half year
 
Half year
Full year
Shareholder-backed annuity businessnote (a)
-
 
(24)
(113)
With-profits and other businessnote (b)
54
 
(193)
(62)
Total UK insurance operations
54
 
(217)
(175)
 
Notes
(a) 
For shareholder-backed annuity business, the overall net nil result for half year 2017 reflects the increase in the risk-free yield curve (as shown in note 13(iii)) being offset by a decrease in spreads.
(b) 
The credit of £54 million for half year 2017 mainly results from higher expected future fund earned rates following the increases in the risk-free yield curve and expected investment return on overseas equities (as shown in note 13(iii)).
 
 
7 Net core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations
 
 
 
 
2017 £m
 
 
2016 £m
 
 
 
30 Jun
 
 
30 Jun
 
31 Dec
 
 
IFRS
basis
Mark to
market
value
adjustment
EEV
basis at
market
value
 
IFRS
basis
Mark to
market
value
adjustment
EEV
basis at
market
value
 
IFRS
basis
Mark to
market
value
adjustment
EEV
basis at
market
value
Holding company (including central finance
subsidiaries) cash and short-term investments
(2,657)
-
(2,657)
 
(2,546)
-
(2,546)
 
(2,626)
-
(2,626)
Central funds
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Subordinated debt
5,598
443
6,041
 
4,956
192
5,148
 
5,772
182
5,954
 
Senior debt
549
168
717
 
549
171
720
 
549
175
724
 
 
6,147
611
6,758
 
5,505
363
5,868
 
6,321
357
6,678
Holding company net borrowings
3,490
611
4,101
 
2,959
363
3,322
 
3,695
357
4,052
Prudential Capital bank loan
275
-
275
 
275
-
275
 
275
-
275
Jackson Surplus Notes
192
62
254
 
186
63
249
 
202
65
267
Net core structural borrowings of
   shareholder-financed operations
3,957
673
4,630
 
3,420
426
3,846
 
4,172
422
4,594
 
 
8  Reconciliation of movement in shareholders’ equity
 
 
Half year 2017 £m
 
Long-term business operations
 
Asset
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total
 
 
management
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
UK
 
long-term
 
and UK general
 
 
 
 
 
Asia
 
US
 
insurance
 
business
 
insurance
 
Other
 
Group
 
operations
 
operations
 
operations
 
operations
 
commission
 
operations
 
Total
 
note (i)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
note (i)
 
 
Operating profit (based on longer-term
   investment returns)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Long-term business:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
New businessnote 3
1,092
 
436
 
161
 
1,689
 
-
 
-
 
1,689
 
Business in forcenote 4
549
 
452
 
304
 
1,305
 
-
 
-
 
1,305
 
1,641
 
888
 
465
 
2,994
 
-
 
-
 
2,994
Asset management and general
   insurance commission
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
289
 
-
 
289
Other results
-
 
-
 
(6)
 
(6)
 
-
 
(407)
 
(413)
Operating profit based on longer-term
   investment returns
1,641
 
888
 
459
 
2,988
 
289
 
(407)
 
2,870
Non-operating items
599
 
(290)
 
269
 
578
 
68
 
(219)
 
427
Profit for the period
2,240
 
598
 
728
 
3,566
 
357
 
(626)
 
3,297
Other items taken directly to equity
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Exchange movements on foreign operations
   and net investment hedges
(611)
 
(579)
 
-
 
(1,190)
 
(11)
 
156
 
(1,045)
Intra-group dividends and investment in
   operationsnote (ii)
(381)
 
(481)
 
(190)
 
(1,052)
 
(272)
 
1,324
 
-
External dividends
-
 
-
 
-
 
 
 
-
 
(786)
 
(786)
Mark to market value movements on Jackson
   assets backing surplus and required capital
-
 
31
 
-
 
31
 
-
 
-
 
31
Other movementsnote (iii)
(114)
 
(4)
 
20
 
(98)
 
(1)
 
154
 
55
Net increase in shareholders’ equity
1,134
 
(435)
 
558
 
1,257
 
73
 
222
 
1,552
Shareholders' equity at beginning of period
18,472
 
11,805
 
10,307
 
40,584
 
2,454
 
(4,070)
 
38,968
Shareholders’ equity at end of period
19,606
 
11,370
 
10,865
 
41,841
 
2,527
 
(3,848)
 
40,520
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Representing:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Statutory IFRS basis shareholders’ equity:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net assets (liabilities)
4,935
 
5,011
 
6,213
 
16,159
 
1,297
 
(3,482)
 
13,974
 
Goodwill
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
1,230
 
245
 
1,475
Total IFRS basis shareholders’ equity
4,935
 
5,011
 
6,213
 
16,159
 
2,527
 
(3,237)
 
15,449
Additional retained profit (loss) on an
   EEV basisnote (iv)
14,671
 
6,359
 
4,652
 
25,682
 
-
 
(611)
 
25,071
EEV basis shareholders’ equity
19,606
 
11,370
 
10,865
 
41,841
 
2,527
 
(3,848)
 
40,520
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance at beginning of period:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Statutory IFRS basis shareholders’ equity:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net assets (liabilities)
4,747
 
5,204
 
5,974
 
15,925
 
1,224
 
(3,958)
 
13,191
 
Goodwill
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
1,230
 
245
 
1,475
Total IFRS basis shareholders’ equity
4,747
 
5,204
 
5,974
 
15,925
 
2,454
 
(3,713)
 
14,666
Additional retained profit (loss) on an
   EEV basisnote (iv)
13,725
 
6,601
 
4,333
 
24,659
 
-
 
(357)
 
24,302
EEV basis shareholders’ equity
18,472
 
11,805
 
10,307
 
40,584
 
2,454
 
(4,070)
 
38,968
 
 
Notes
(i)
Other operations of £(3,848) million represents the shareholders’ equity of £(4,093) million for other operations as shown in the movement in shareholders’ equity and includes goodwill of £245 million (half year 2016: £258 million; full year 2016: £245 million) related to Asia long-term operations.
(ii)
Intra-group dividends represent dividends that have been declared in the period and investment in operations reflect increases in share capital. The amounts included in note 10 for these items are as per the holding company cash flow at transaction rates. The difference primarily relates to intra-group loans, foreign exchange and other non-cash items.
(iii)
Other movements include reserve movements in respect of the shareholders’ share of actuarial gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes, share capital subscribed, share-based payments and treasury shares and intra-group transfers between operations which have no overall effect on the Group’s embedded value.
(iv)
The additional retained loss on an EEV basis for Other operations primarily represents the mark to market value adjustment for holding company net borrowings of a charge of £(611) million (half year 2016: £(363) million; full year 2016: £(357) million), as shown in note 7.
 
 
9 Analysis of movement in net worth and value of in-force for long-term business
 
 
 
Half year 2017 £m
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total
 
 
 
 
 
 
Value of
long-term
 
 
Free
Required
Total net
 
in-force
business
 
 
surplus
capital
 worth
 
business
operations
 
 
note 10
 
 
 
note
 
Group
 
 
 
 
 
 
Shareholders’ equity at beginning of period
5,351
10,296
15,647
 
24,937
40,584
New business contribution
(571)
354
(217)
 
1,906
1,689
Existing business – transfer to net worth
1,719
(363)
1,356
 
(1,356)
-
Expected return on existing businessnote 4
66
108
174
 
869
1,043
Changes in operating assumptions and experience variancesnote 4
348
(145)
203
 
59
262
Solvency II and restructuring costs
(6)
-
(6)
 
-
(6)
Post-tax operating profit
1,556
(46)
1,510
 
1,478
2,988
Sale of Korea life businessnote 15
76
(76)
-
 
-
-
Other non-operating items
(38)
20
(18)
 
596
578
Profit after tax from long-term business
1,594
(102)
1,492
 
2,074
3,566
Exchange movements on foreign operations and
   net investment hedges
(144)
(139)
(283)
 
(907)
(1,190)
Intra-group dividends and investment in operations
(1,052)
-
(1,052)
 
-
(1,052)
Other movements
(67)
-
(67)
 
-
(67)
Shareholders’ equity at end of period
5,682
10,055
15,737
 
26,104
41,841
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Asia operations
 
 
 
 
 
 
New business contribution
(283)
77
(206)
 
1,298
1,092
Existing business – transfer to net worth
673
(58)
615
 
(615)
-
Expected return on existing businessnote 4
19
29
48
 
451
499
Changes in operating assumptions and experience variancesnote 4
71
(51)
20
 
30
50
Post-tax operating profit
480
(3)
477
 
1,164
1,641
Sale of Korea life businessnote 15
76
(76)
-
 
-
-
Other non-operating items
192
40
232
 
367
599
Profit after tax from long-term business
748
(39)
709
 
1,531
2,240
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
US operations
 
 
 
 
 
 
New business contribution
(246)
220
(26)
 
462
436
Existing business – transfer to net worth
715
(132)
583
 
(583)
-
Expected return on existing businessnote 4
29
28
57
 
255
312
Changes in operating assumptions and experience variancesnote 4
57
(4)
53
 
87
140
Post-tax operating profit
555
112
667
 
221
888
Non-operating items
(470)
(109)
(579)
 
289
(290)
Profit after tax from long-term business
85
3
88
 
510
598
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
UK insurance operations
 
 
 
 
 
 
New business contribution
(42)
57
15
 
146
161
Existing business – transfer to net worth
331
(173)
158
 
(158)
-
Expected return on existing businessnote 4
18
51
69
 
163
232
Changes in operating assumptions and experience variancesnote 4
220
(90)
130
 
(58)
72
Solvency II and restructuring costs
(6)
-
(6)
 
-
(6)
Post-tax operating profit
521
(155)
366
 
93
459
Non-operating items
240
89
329
 
(60)
269
Profit after tax from long-term business
761
(66)
695
 
33
728
 
Note
The net value of in-force business comprises the value of future margins from current in-force business less the cost of holding required capital as shown below:
 
 
 
30 Jun 2017 £m
 
31 Dec 2016 £m
 
 
Asia
operations
US
operations
UK
insurance
operations
Total
long-term
business
operations
 
Asia
operations
US
operations
UK
insurance
operations
Total
long-term business operations
Value of in-force business before
   deduction of cost of capital and time
   value of guarantees
16,359
8,525
3,422
28,306
 
15,371
8,584
3,468
27,423
Cost of capital
(503)
(275)
(613)
(1,391)
 
(477)
(319)
(692)
(1,488)
Cost of time value of guarantees
(51)
(760)
-
(811)
 
(87)
(911)
-
(998)
Net value of in-force business
15,805
7,490
2,809
26,104
 
14,807
7,354
2,776
24,937
Total net worth
3,801
3,880
8,056
15,737
 
3,665
4,451
7,531
15,647
Total embedded valuenote 8
19,606
11,370
10,865
41,841
 
18,472
11,805
10,307
40,584
 
 
10 Analysis of movement in free surplus
 
For EEV covered business, free surplus is the excess of the regulatory basis net assets for EEV reporting purposes (net worth) over the capital required to support the covered business. Where appropriate, adjustments are made to the net worth so that backing assets are included at fair value rather than cost so as to comply with the EEV Principles. Free surplus for asset management operations and the UK general insurance commission is taken to be IFRS basis post-tax earnings and shareholders’ equity, net of goodwill. Free surplus for other operations is taken to be EEV basis post-tax earnings and shareholders’ equity for central operations net of goodwill, with subordinated debt recorded as free surplus to the extent that it is classified as available capital under Solvency II.
 
Free surplus for insurance and asset management operations and Group total free surplus, including other operations, are shown in the tables below.
 
(i) Underlying free surplus generated – insurance and asset management operations
The half year 2016 comparative results are shown below on both actual exchange rates (AER) and constant exchange rates (CER) bases. The half year 2016 CER comparative results are translated at half year 2017 average exchange rates.
 
 
Half year 2017 £m
 
Half year 2016* £m
 
% change
 
 
 
AER
CER
 
AER
CER
Asia operations
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Underlying free surplus generated from
   in-force life business
763
 
600
679
 
27%
12%
Investment in new businessnote (iii)(a)
(283)
 
(228)
(257)
 
(24)%
(10)%
Long-term business
480
 
372
422
 
29%
14%
Eastspring Investmentsnote (iii)(b)
73
 
53
60
 
38%
22%
Total
553
 
425
482
 
30%
15%
US operations
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Underlying free surplus generated from
   in-force life business
801
 
701
797
 
14%
1%
Investment in new businessnote (iii)(a)
(246)
 
(209)
(238)
 
(18)%
(3)%
Long-term business
555
 
492
559
 
13%
(1)%
Broker-dealer and asset managementnote (iii)(b)
(4)
 
(8)
(9)
 
50%
56%
Total
551
 
484
550
 
14%
0%
UK insurance operations
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Underlying free surplus generated from
   in-force life business
563
 
555
555
 
1%
1%
Investment in new businessnote (iii)(a)
(42)
 
(56)
(56)
 
25%
25%
Long-term business
521
 
499
499
 
4%
4%
General insurance commissionnote (iii)(b)
14
 
15
15
 
(7)%
(7)%
Total
535
 
514
514
 
4%
4%
M&Gnote (iii)(b)
201
 
181
181
 
11%
11%
Prudential Capitalnote (iii)(b)
5
 
11
11
 
(55)%
(55)%
Underlying free surplus generated from
   insurance and asset management operations
1,845
 
1,615
1,738
 
14%
6%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Representing:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Long-term business:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Expected in-force cash flows (including
   expected return on net assets)
1,785
 
1,470
1,620
 
21%
10%
Effects of changes in operating assumptions,
   operating experience variances and other
   operating items
342
 
386
411
 
(11)%
(17)%
Underlying free surplus generated from
   in-force life business
2,127
 
1,856
2,031
 
15%
5%
Investment in new businessnote (iii)(a)
(571)
 
(493)
(551)
 
(16)%
(4)%
Total long-term business
1,556
 
1,363
1,480
 
14%
5%
Asset management and general insurance
   commissionnote (iii)(b)
289
 
252
258
 
15%
12%
 
1,845
 
1,615
1,738
 
14%
6%
 
The half year 2016 comparative operating result has been adjusted to exclude the result attributable to the sold Korea life business (see note 15).
 
(ii)            
Underlying free surplus generated – total Group
 
 
Half year 2017 £m
 
Half year 2016* £m
 
% change
 
 
 
AER
CER
 
AER
CER
Underlying free surplus generated from
   insurance and asset management operationsnote (iii)(b)
1,845
 
1,615
1,738
 
14%
6%
Other income and expenditure net of restructuring
   and Solvency II costsnote (iii) (b)
(407)
 
(308)
(315)
 
(32)%
(29)%
Interest received from tax settlement
-
 
37
37
 
n/a
n/a
Group underlying free surplus generated,
   including other operations
1,438
 
1,344
1,460
 
7%
(2)%
 
The half year 2016 comparative operating result has been adjusted to exclude the result attributable to the sold Korea life business (see note 15).
 
 
(iii)            
Movement in free surplus
 
Half year 2017 £m
Long-term business and asset management
operations
 Long-term business
Asset management and UK general insurance commission
Total insurance and asset management operations
 
Central
and other
operations
Group
total
 
note 9
note (b)
 
 
note (b)
 
Underlying free surplus generated
1,556
289
1,845
 
(407)
1,438
Sale of Korea life businessnote 9
76
-
76
 
-
76
Other non-operating itemsnote (c)
(38)
68
30
 
41
71
 
1,594
357
1,951
 
(366)
1,585
Net cash flows to parent companynote (d)
(1,056)
(174)
(1,230)
 
1,230
-
External dividends
-
-
-
 
(786)
(786)
Exchange rate movements, timing differences and
   other itemsnote (e)
(207)
(110)
(317)
 
231
(86)
Net movement in free surplus
331
73
404
 
309
713
Balance at beginning of period
5,351
1,224
6,575
 
1,639
8,214
Balance at end of period
5,682
1,297
6,979
 
1,948
8,927
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Representing:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Asia operations
 
 
2,347
 
-
2,347
 
US operations
 
 
1,950
 
-
1,950
 
UK operations
 
 
2,682
 
-
2,682
 
Other operationsnote (b)
 
 
-
 
1,948
1,948
 
 
 
6,979
 
1,948
8,927
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance at beginning of period:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Asia operations
 
 
2,142
 
-
2,142
 
US operations
 
 
2,418
 
-
2,418
 
UK operations
 
 
2,015
 
-
2,015
 
Other operationsnote (b)
 
 
-
 
1,639
1,639
 
 
 
6,575
 
1,639
8,214
 
 
 
Half year 2016 £m
Long-term business and asset management
operations
 Long-term business
Asset management and UK general insurance commission
Total insurance and asset management operations
 
Central
and other
operations
Group
total
 
 
 
note (b)
 
 
note (b)
 
Underlying free surplus generated
1,363
252
1,615
 
(271)
1,344
Results of the sold Korea life business
11
-
11
 
-
11
Other non-operating itemsnote (c)
(829)
(61)
(890)
 
(129)
(1,019)
 
 
545
191
736
 
(400)
336
Net cash flows to parent companynote (d)
(830)
(288)
(1,118)
 
1,118
-
External dividends
-
-
-
 
(935)
(935)
Exchange rate movements, timing differences and
   other itemsnote (e)
650
202
852
 
205
1,057
Net movement in free surplus
365
105
470
 
(12)
458
Balance at beginning of period
4,169
1,124
5,293
 
879
6,172
Balance at end of period
4,534
1,229
5,763
 
867
6,630
 
 
 
Full year 2016 £m
Long-term business and asset management
operations
 Long-term business
Asset management and UK general insurance commission
Total insurance and asset management operations
 
Central
and other
operations
Group
total
 
 
note (b)
 
 
note (b)
 
Underlying free surplus generated
3,080
508
3,588
 
(666)
2,922
Loss attaching to the sold Korea life business
(86)
-
(86)
 
-
(86)
Other non-operating itemsnote (c)
(932)
(38)
(970)
 
(169)
(1,139)
 
2,062
470
2,532
 
(835)
1,697
Net cash flows to parent companynote (d)
(1,236)
(482)
(1,718)
 
1,718
-
External dividends
-
-
-
 
(1,267)
(1,267)
Exchange rate movements, timing differences and
   other itemsnote (e)
356
112
468
 
1,144
1,612
Net movement in free surplus
1,182
100
1,282
 
760
2,042
Balance at beginning of period
4,169
1,124
5,293
 
879
6,172
Balance at end of period
5,351
1,224
6,575
 
1,639
8,214
 
Notes
(a) 
Free surplus invested in new business represents amounts set aside for required capital and acquisition costs.
(b) 
Free surplus for asset management operations and the UK general insurance commission is taken to be IFRS basis post-tax earnings and shareholders’ equity, net of goodwill. Free surplus for other operations is taken to be EEV basis post-tax earnings and shareholders’ equity net of goodwill, with subordinated debt recorded as free surplus to the extent that it is classified as available capital under Solvency II.
(c) 
Non-operating items are principally short-term fluctuations in investment returns and the effect of changes in economic assumptions for long-term business operations.
(d) 
Net cash flows to parent company for long-term business operations reflect the flows as included in the holding company cash flow at transaction rates.
(e) 
Exchange rate movements, timing differences and other items represent:
 
 
 
 
Half year 2017 £m
 
 
Long-term
business
Asset management and UK general insurance commission
Total
insurance and asset management operations
 
Central
and other
operations
Group
total
 
Exchange rate movements
(144)
(11)
(155)
 
(17)
(172)
 
Mark to market value movements on Jackson assets
   backing surplus and required capitalnote 8
31
-
31
 
-
31
 
Other itemsnote (f)
(94)
(99)
(193)
 
248
55
 
 
 
(207)
(110)
(317)
 
231
(86)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Half year 2016 £m
 
 
Long-term
business
Asset management and UK general insurance commission
Total
insurance and asset management operations
 
Central
and other
operations
Group
total
 
Exchange rate movements
329
55
384
 
50
434
 
Mark to market value movements on Jackson assets
   backing surplus and required capital
138
-
138
 
-
138
 
Other itemsnote (f)
183
147
330
 
155
485
 
 
 
650
202
852
 
205
1,057
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Full year 2016 £m
 
 
Long-term
business
Asset management and UK general insurance commission
Total
insurance and asset management operations
 
Central
and other
operations
Group
total
 
Exchange rate movements
633
83
716
 
48
764
 
Mark to market value movements on Jackson assets
   backing surplus and required capital
(11)
-
(11)
 
-
(11)
 
Other itemsnote (f)
(266)
29
(237)
 
1,096
859
 
 
 
356
112
468
 
1,144
1,612
 
(f) 
Other items include the effect of intra-group loans and other intra-group transfers between operations, non-cash items, together with movements in subordinated debt for Other operations.
 
 
11 Sensitivity of results to alternative assumptions
 
Sensitivity analysis – economic assumptions
 
The tables below show the sensitivity of the embedded value as at 30 June 2017 and 31 December 2016 and the new business contribution after the effect of required capital for half year 2017 and full year 2016 to:
 
-
1 per cent increase in the discount rates;
-
1 per cent increase in interest rates, including all consequential changes (assumed investment returns for all asset classes, market values of fixed interest assets, risk discount rates);
-
0.5 per cent decrease in interest rates, including all consequential changes (assumed investment returns for all asset classes, market values of fixed interest assets, risk discount rates);
-
1 per cent rise in equity and property yields;
-
10 per cent fall in market value of equity and property assets (embedded value only);
-
The statutory minimum capital level by contrast to EEV basis required capital (for embedded value only); and
-
5 basis points increase in UK long-term expected defaults.
 
In each sensitivity calculation, all other assumptions remain unchanged except where they are directly affected by the revised economic conditions.
 
New business contribution
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Half year 2017 £m
 
Full year 2016 £m
 
Asia operations
US operations
UK insurance operations
Total long-term business operations
 
Asia operations
US operations
UK insurance operations
Total
long-term
business
operations
New business contributionnote 3
1,092
436
161
1,689
 
2,030
790
268
3,088
Discount rates – 1% increase
(208)
(21)
(18)
(247)
 
(375)
(43)
(32)
(450)
Interest rates – 1% increase
3
49
20
72
 
51
64
27
142
Interest rates – 0.5% decrease
(4)
(24)
(10)
(38)
 
(30)
(49)
(15)
(94)
Equity/property yields – 1% rise
61
52
20
133
 
129
91
28
248
Long-term expected defaults – 5 bps increase
-
-
(1)
(1)
 
-
-
(2)
(2)
 
Embedded value of long-term business operations
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
30 Jun 2017 £m
 
31 Dec 2016 £m
 
Asia
operations
US
operations
UK
insurance
operations
Total
long-term
business
operations
 
Asia
operations
US
operations
UK
insurance
operations
 Total
long-term
business
operations
Shareholders' equitynote 8
19,606
11,370
10,865
41,841
 
18,472
11,805
10,307
40,584
Discount rates – 1% increase
 (2,268)
 (350)
 (815)
 (3,433)
 
 (2,078)
 (379)
 (809)
 (3,266)
Interest rates – 1% increase
 (548)
 (128)
 (643)
 (1,319)
 
 (701)
 (241)
 (638)
 (1,580)
Interest rates – 0.5% decrease
184
 (54)
356
486
 
248
25
369
642
Equity/property yields – 1% rise
841
682
359
1,882
 
771
653
314
1,738
Equity/property market values – 10% fall
 (416)
 (127)
 (447)
 (990)
 
 (361)
 (11)
 (399)
 (771)
Statutory minimum capital
128
197
-
325
 
150
223
-
373
Long-term expected defaults – 5 bps increase
-
-
 (136)
 (136)
 
-
-
 (138)
 (138)
 
The sensitivities shown above are for the impact of instantaneous changes on the embedded value of long-term business operations and include the combined effect on the value of in-force business and net assets at the balance sheet dates indicated. If the change in assumptions shown in the sensitivities were to occur, then the effect shown above would be recorded within two components of the profit analysis for the following year. These are for the effect of economic assumption changes and short-term fluctuations in investment returns. In addition to the sensitivity effects shown above, the other components of the profit for the following year would be calculated by reference to the altered assumptions, for example new business contribution and unwind of discount, together with the effect of other changes such as altered corporate bond spreads. In addition for changes in interest rates, the effect shown above for Jackson would also be recorded within the fair value movements on assets backing surplus and required capital, which are taken directly to shareholders’ equity.
 
 
12 Methodology and accounting presentation
 
(a)
Methodology
 
Overview
The embedded value is the present value of the shareholders’ interest in the earnings distributable from assets allocated to covered business after sufficient allowance has been made for the aggregate risks in that business. The shareholders’ interest in the Group’s long-term business comprises:
-
the present value of future shareholder cash flows from in-force covered business (value of in-force business), less deductions for:
-
the cost of locked-in required capital; and
-
the time value of cost of options and guarantees;
-
locked-in required capital; and
-
the shareholders’ net worth in excess of required capital (free surplus).
 
The value of future new business is excluded from the embedded value.
 
Notwithstanding the basis of presentation of results as explained in note 12(b)(iii), no smoothing of market or account balance values, unrealised gains or investment return is applied in determining the embedded value or profit. Separately, the analysis of profit is delineated between operating profit based on longer-term investment returns and other constituent items, as explained in note 12(b)(i).
 
(i) 
Covered business
The EEV results for the Group are prepared for ‘covered business’, as defined by the EEV Principles. Covered business represents the Group’s long-term insurance business, including the Group’s investments in joint venture and associate insurance operations, for which the value of new and in-force contracts is attributable to shareholders. The post-tax EEV basis results for the Group’s covered business are then combined with the post-tax IFRS basis results of the Group’s asset management and other operations. Under the EEV Principles, the results for covered business incorporate the projected margins of attaching internal asset management, as described in note 12(a)(vii).
 
The definition of long-term business operations comprises those contracts falling under the definition for regulatory purposes together with, for US operations, contracts that are in substance the same as guaranteed investment contracts (GICs) but do not fall within the technical definition.
 
Covered business comprises the Group’s long-term business operations, with two exceptions:
-
the closed Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund (SAIF) which is excluded from covered business. SAIF is a ring-fenced sub-fund of the Prudential Assurance Company (PAC) long-term fund, established by a Court Approved Scheme of Arrangement in October 1997. SAIF is closed to new business and the assets and liabilities of the fund are wholly attributable to the policyholders of the fund.
-
the presentational treatment of the Group’s principal defined benefit pension scheme, the Prudential Staff Pension Scheme (PSPS). The partial recognition of the surplus for PSPS is recognised in ‘Other’ operations.
 
A small amount of UK group pensions business is also not modelled for EEV reporting purposes.
 
(ii) 
Valuation of in-force and new business
The embedded value results are prepared incorporating best estimate assumptions about all relevant factors including levels of future investment returns, expenses, persistency, mortality and morbidity, as described in note 13. These assumptions are used to project future cash flows. The present value of the future cash flows is then calculated using a discount rate which reflects both the time value of money and the non-diversifiable risks associated with the cash flows that are not otherwise allowed for.
 
New business
In determining the EEV basis value of new business, premiums are included in projected cash flows on the same basis of
distinguishing annual and single premium business as set out for statutory basis reporting.
 
New business premiums reflect those premiums attaching to covered business, including premiums for contracts classified as
investment products for IFRS basis reporting. New business premiums for regular premium products are shown on an annualised basis. Internal vesting business is classified as new business where the contracts include an open market option.
 
The post-tax contribution from new business represents profits determined by applying operating assumptions as at the end of the period.
 
For UK immediate annuity business, the new business contribution is determined by applying economic assumptions reflecting point-of-sale market conditions. This is consistent with how the business is priced as crediting rates are linked to yields on specific assets and the yield is locked in when the assets are purchased at the point of sale of the policy. For other business within the Group, end-of-period economic assumptions are used.
 
New business profitability is a key metric for the Group’s management of the development of the business. In addition, post-tax new business margins are shown by reference to annual premium equivalents (APE) and the present value of new business premiums (PVNBP). These margins are calculated as the percentage of the value of new business profit to APE and PVNBP. APE is calculated as the aggregate of regular premiums and one-tenth of single premiums. PVNBP is calculated as equalling single premiums plus the present value of expected premiums of regular premium new business, allowing for lapses and other assumptions made in determining the EEV new business contribution.
 
Valuation movements on investments
With the exception of debt securities held by Jackson, investment gains and losses during the period (to the extent that changes in capital values do not directly match changes in liabilities) are included directly in the profit for the period and shareholders’ equity as they arise.
 
The results for any covered business conceptually reflect the aggregate of the IFRS results and the movements on the additional shareholders’ interest recognised on the EEV basis. Thus the start point for the calculation of the EEV results for Jackson, as for other businesses, reflects the market value movements recognised on an IFRS basis.
 
However, in determining the movements on the additional shareholders’ interest, the basis for calculating the EEV result for Jackson acknowledges that, for debt securities backing liabilities, the aggregate EEV results reflect the fact that the value of in-force business instead incorporates the discounted value of future spread earnings. This value is not affected generally by short-term market movements on securities that, broadly speaking, are held for the longer term.
 
Fixed income securities backing the free surplus and required capital for Jackson are accounted for at fair value. However, consistent with the treatment applied under IFRS for Jackson securities classified as available-for-sale, movements in unrealised appreciation (depreciation) on these securities are accounted for in equity rather than in the income statement, as shown in the movement in shareholders’ equity.
 
(iii) 
Cost of capital
A charge is deducted from the embedded value for the cost of locked-in required capital supporting the Group’s long-term business. The cost is the difference between the nominal value of the capital and the discounted value of the projected releases of this capital, allowing for post-tax investment earnings on the capital.
 
The annual result is affected by the movement in this cost from year to year which comprises a charge against new business profit and generally a release in respect of the reduction in capital requirements for business in force as this runs off.
 
Where required capital is held within a with-profits long-term fund, the value placed on surplus assets in the fund is already discounted to reflect its release over time and no further adjustment is necessary in respect of required capital.
 
(iv) 
Financial options and guarantees
 
Nature of financial options and guarantees in Prudential’s long-term business
 
Asia operations
Subject to local market circumstances and regulatory requirements, the guarantee features described below in respect of UK business broadly apply to similar types of participating contracts principally written in Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia. Participating products have both guaranteed and non-guaranteed elements.
 
There are also various non-participating long-term products with guarantees. The principal guarantees are those for whole-of-life contracts with floor levels of policyholder benefits that accrue at rates set at inception and do not vary subsequently with market conditions.
 
US operations (Jackson)
The principal financial options and guarantees in Jackson are associated with the fixed annuity (FA) and variable annuity (VA) lines of business.
 
Fixed annuities provide that, at Jackson’s discretion, it may reset the interest rate credited to policyholders’ accounts, subject to a guaranteed minimum. The guaranteed minimum return varies from 1.0 per cent to 5.5 per cent for all periods, depending on the particular product, jurisdiction where issued, and date of issue. For all periods shown, 87 per cent of the account values on fixed annuities are for policies with guarantees of 3 per cent or less, and the average guarantee rate is 2.6 per cent.
 
Fixed annuities also present a risk that policyholders will exercise their option to surrender their contracts in periods of rapidly rising interest rates, possibly requiring Jackson to liquidate assets at an inopportune time.
 
Jackson issues VA contracts for which it contractually guarantees to the contract holder either: a) return of no less than total deposits made to the contract adjusted for any partial withdrawals; b) total deposits made to the contract adjusted for any partial withdrawals plus a minimum return; or c) the highest contract value on a specified anniversary date adjusted for any withdrawals following the specified contract anniversary. These guarantees include benefits that are payable upon depletion of funds (Guaranteed Minimum Withdrawal Benefit (GMWB)), as death benefits (Guaranteed Minimum Death Benefits (GMDB)) or as income benefits (Guaranteed Minimum Income Benefits (GMIB)). These guarantees generally protect the policyholders’ value in the event of poor equity market performance. Jackson hedges the GMWB and GMDB guarantees through the use of equity options and futures contracts, and fully reinsures the GMIB guarantees.
 
Jackson also issues fixed index annuities (FIA) that enable policyholders to obtain a portion of an equity-linked return while providing a guaranteed minimum return. The guaranteed minimum returns are of a similar nature to those described above for fixed annuities.
 
UK insurance operations
For covered business the only significant financial options and guarantees in the UK insurance operations arise in the with-profits fund.
 
With-profits products provide returns to policyholders through bonuses that are smoothed. There are two types of bonuses - annual and final. Annual bonuses are declared once a year and, once credited, are guaranteed in accordance with the terms of the particular product. Unlike annual bonuses, final bonuses are guaranteed only until the next bonus declaration. The PAC with-profits fund also held a provision on the Solvency II basis of £62 million at 30 June 2017 (30 June 2016: £54 million; 31 December 2016: £62 million) to honour guarantees on a small number of guaranteed annuity option products.
 
The Group’s main exposure to guaranteed annuity options in the UK is through the non-covered business of SAIF. A provision on the Solvency II basis of £572 million was held in SAIF at 30 June 2017 (30 June 2016: £575 million; 31 December 2016: £571 million) to honour the guarantees. As described in note 12(a)(i), the assets and liabilities are wholly attributable to the policyholders of the fund. Therefore the movement in the provision has no direct impact on shareholders’ funds.
 
Time value
The value of financial options and guarantees comprises two parts:
-
The first part arises from a deterministic valuation on best estimate assumptions (the intrinsic value).
-
The second part arises from the variability of economic outcomes in the future (the time value).
 
Where appropriate, a full stochastic valuation has been undertaken to determine the time value of the financial options and guarantees.
 
The economic assumptions used for the stochastic calculations are consistent with those used for the deterministic calculations. Assumptions specific to the stochastic calculations reflect local market conditions and are based on a combination of actual market data, historic market data and an assessment of long-term economic conditions. Common principles have been adopted across the Group for the stochastic asset models, for example, separate modelling of individual asset classes but with an allowance for correlation between the various asset classes. Details of the key characteristics of each model are given in notes 13(iv), (v) and (vi).
 
In deriving the time value of financial options and guarantees, management actions in response to emerging investment and fund solvency conditions have been modelled. Management actions encompass, but are not confined to, investment allocation decisions, levels of reversionary and terminal bonuses and credited rates. Bonus rates are projected from current levels and varied in accordance with assumed management actions applying in the emerging investment and fund solvency conditions.
 
In all instances, the modelled actions are in accordance with approved local practice and therefore reflect the options actually available to management. For the PAC with-profits fund, the actions assumed are consistent with those set out in the Principles and Practices of Financial Management which explains how regular and final bonus rates within the discretionary framework are determined, subject to the general legislative requirements applicable.
 
(v) 
Level of required capital
In adopting the EEV Principles, Prudential has based required capital on its internal targets, subject to it being at least the local statutory minimum requirements.
 
For with-profits business written in a segregated life fund, as is the case in Asia and the UK, the capital available in the fund is sufficient to meet the required capital requirements. Following the implementation of Solvency II, which became effective on 1 January 2016, a portion of future shareholder transfers expected from the with-profits fund is recognised within net worth, together with the associated capital requirements.
 
For shareholder-backed business, the following capital requirements apply:
-
Asia operations: the level of required capital has been set to an amount at least equal to the higher of local statutory requirements and the internal target;
-
US operations: the level of required capital has been set at 250 per cent of the risk-based capital (RBC) required by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) at the Company Action Level (CAL); and
-
UK insurance operations: the capital requirements are set at the Solvency II Solvency Capital Requirement (SCR) for shareholder-backed business as a whole.
 
(vi) 
With-profits business and the treatment of the estate
The proportion of surplus allocated to shareholders from the PAC with-profits fund has been based on the present level of 10 per cent. The value attributed to the shareholders’ interest in the estate is derived by increasing final bonus rates (and related shareholder transfers) so as to exhaust the estate over the lifetime of the in-force with-profits business. In any scenarios where the total assets of the life fund are insufficient to meet policyholder claims in full, the excess cost is fully attributed to shareholders. Similar principles apply, where appropriate, for other with-profits funds of the Group’s Asia operations.
 
(vii) 
Internal asset management
The in-force and new business results from long-term business include the projected value of profits or losses from asset management and service companies that support the Group’s covered insurance businesses. The results of the Group’s asset management operations include the current period profits from the management of both internal and external funds. EEV basis shareholders’ other income and expenditure is adjusted to deduct the unwind of the expected internal asset management profit margin for the period. The deduction is on a basis consistent with that used for projecting the results for covered insurance business. Group operating profit accordingly includes the variance between actual and expected profit in respect of management of the assets for covered business.
 
(viii) Allowance for risk and risk discount rates
 
Overview
Under the EEV Principles, discount rates used to determine the present value of future cash flows are set by reference to risk-free rates plus a risk margin.
 
For Asia and US operations, the risk-free rates are based on 10-year local government bond yields.
 
For UK insurance operations, following the implementation of Solvency II on 1 January 2016, the EEV risk-free rate is based on the full term structure of interest rates; ie a yield curve, rather than a flat 15-year gilt yield, is used to determine the embedded value at the end of the reporting period.
 
The risk margin should reflect any non-diversifiable risk associated with the emergence of distributable earnings that is not allowed for elsewhere in the valuation. Prudential has selected a granular approach to better reflect differences in market risk inherent in each product group. The risk discount rate so derived does not reflect an overall Group market beta but instead reflects the expected volatility associated with the cash flows for each product category in the embedded value model.
 
Since financial options and guarantees are explicitly valued under the EEV methodology, discount rates under EEV are set excluding the effect of these product features.
 
The risk margin represents the aggregate of the allowance for market risk, additional allowance for credit risk where appropriate, and allowance for non-diversifiable non-market risk. No allowance is required for non-market risks where these are assumed to be fully diversifiable.
 
Market risk allowance
The allowance for market risk represents the beta multiplied by an equity risk premium. Except for UK shareholder-backed annuity business (as explained below), such an approach has been used for the Group’s businesses.
 
The beta of a portfolio or product measures its relative market risk. The risk discount rates reflect the market risk inherent in each product group and hence the volatility of product cash flows. These are determined by considering how the profits from each product are affected by changes in expected returns on various asset classes. By converting this into a relative rate of return, it is possible to derive a product-specific beta.
 
Product level betas reflect the most recent product mix to produce appropriate betas and risk discount rates for each major product grouping.
 
Additional credit risk allowance
The Group’s methodology is to allow appropriately for credit risk. The allowance for total credit risk is to cover:
-
expected long-term defaults;
-
credit risk premium (to reflect the volatility in downgrade and default levels); and
-
short-term downgrades and defaults.
 
These allowances are initially reflected in determining best estimate returns and through the market risk allowance described above. However, for those businesses largely backed by holdings of debt securities these allowances in the projected returns and market risk allowances may not be sufficient and an additional allowance may be appropriate.
 
The practical application of the allowance for credit risk varies depending upon the type of business as described below:
 
Asia operations
For Asia operations, the allowance for credit risk incorporated in the projected rates of return and the market risk allowance are sufficient. Accordingly, no additional allowance for credit risk is required.
 
The projected rates of return for holdings of corporate bonds comprise the risk-free rate plus an assessment of long-term spread over the risk-free rate.
 
US operations (Jackson)
For Jackson business, the allowance for long-term defaults is reflected in the risk margin reserve (RMR) charge which is deducted in determining the projected spread margin between the earned rate on the investments and the policyholder crediting rate.
 
The risk discount rate incorporates an additional allowance for credit risk premium and short-term downgrades and defaults as shown in note 13(ii). In determining this allowance a number of factors have been considered. These factors, in particular, include:
-
How much of the credit spread on debt securities represents an increased credit risk not reflected in the RMR long-term default assumptions, and how much is liquidity premium (which is the premium required by investors to compensate for the risk of longer-term investments which cannot be easily converted into cash, and converted at the fair market value). In assessing this effect, consideration has been given to a number of approaches to estimating the liquidity premium by considering recent statistical data; and
-
Policyholder benefits for Jackson fixed annuity business are not fixed. It is possible in adverse economic scenarios to pass on a component of credit losses to policyholders (subject to guarantee features) through lower investment return rates credited to policyholders. Consequently, it is only necessary to allow for the balance of the credit risk in the risk discount rate.
 
The level of the additional allowance is assessed at each reporting period to take account of prevailing credit conditions and as the business in force alters over time. The additional allowance for variable annuity business has been set at one-fifth of the non-variable annuity business to reflect the proportion of the allocated holdings of general account debt securities.
 
The level of allowance differs from that for UK annuity business for investment portfolio differences and to take account of the management actions available in adverse economic scenarios to reduce crediting rates to policyholders, subject to guarantee features of the products.
 
UK operations
(1) Shareholder-backed annuity business
For Prudential’s UK shareholder-backed annuity business, Prudential has used a market consistent embedded value (MCEV) approach to derive an implied risk discount rate which is then applied to the projected best estimate cash flows.
 
In the annuity MCEV calculations, as the assets are generally held to maturity to match liabilities, the future cash flows are discounted using the swap yield curve plus an allowance for liquidity premium based on the Solvency II allowance for credit risk. The Solvency II allowance is set by European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (EIOPA) using a prudent assumption that all future downgrades will be replaced annually, and allowing for the credit spread floor.
 
For the purposes of presentation in the EEV results, the results on this basis are reconfigured. Under this approach the projected earned rate of return on the debt securities held is determined after allowing for a best estimate credit risk allowance. The remaining elements of prudence within the Solvency II allowance are incorporated into the risk margin included in the discount rate, shown in note 13(iii).
 
(2) With-profits fund non-profit annuity business
For UK non-profit annuity business attributable to the PAC with-profits fund, the basis for determining the aggregate allowance for credit risk is consistent with that applied for UK shareholder-backed annuity business (as described above). The allowance for credit risk for this business is taken into account in determining the projected cash flows to the with-profits fund, which are in turn discounted at the risk discount rate applicable to all of the projected cash flows of the fund.
 
(3) With-profits fund holdings of debt securities
The UK with-profits fund holds debt securities as part of its investment portfolio backing policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus. The assumed earned rate for with-profit holdings of corporate bonds is defined as the risk-free rate plus an assessment of the long-term spread over risk free, net of expected long-term defaults. This approach is similar to that applied for equities and properties for which the projected earned rate is defined as the risk-free rate plus a long-term risk premium.
 
Allowance for non-diversifiable non-market risks
The majority of non-market and non-credit risks are considered to be diversifiable. Finance theory cannot be used to determine the appropriate component of beta for non-diversifiable non-market risks since there is no observable risk premium associated with it that is akin to the equity risk premium. Recognising this, a pragmatic approach has been applied.
 
A base level allowance of 50 basis points is applied to cover the non-diversifiable non-market risks associated with the Group’s businesses. For the Group’s Asia operations in China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam, additional allowances are applied for emerging market risk ranging from 100 to 250 basis points. The level of these allowances are reviewed and updated based on an assessment of a range of pre-defined emerging market risk indicators, as well as the Group’s exposure and experience in the business units. At half year 2017, the China allowance for non-market risk was reduced reflecting the growth in the size of the business, increasing management exposure and experience in the country and an improvement in our risk assessment of the market. For the Group’s US business and UK business, no additional allowance is necessary.
 
(ix) 
Foreign currency translation
Foreign currency profits and losses have been translated at average exchange rates for the period. Foreign currency assets and liabilities have been translated at period-end exchange rates. The principal exchange rates are shown in note A1 of the IFRS financial statements.
 
(x) 
Taxation
In determining the post-tax profit for the period for covered business, the overall tax rate includes the impact of tax effects determined on a local regulatory basis. Tax payments and receipts included in the projected cash flows to determine the value of in-force business are calculated using rates that have been announced and substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.
 
(xi) 
Inter-company arrangements
The EEV results for covered business incorporate annuities established in the PAC non-profit sub-fund from vesting pension policies in SAIF (which is not covered business). The EEV results also incorporate the effect of the reinsurance arrangement of non-profit immediate pension annuity liabilities of SAIF to the PAC non-profit sub-fund.
 
(b)
Accounting presentation
 
(i) 
Analysis of post-tax profit
To the extent applicable, the presentation of the EEV post-tax profit for the period is consistent in the classification between operating and non-operating results with the basis that the Group applies for the analysis of IFRS basis results. Operating results reflect underlying results including longer-term investment returns (which are determined as described in note 12(b)(ii) below) and incorporate the following:
-
new business contribution, as defined in note 12(a)(ii);
-
unwind of discount on the value of in-force business and other expected returns, as described in note 12(b)(iii) below;
-
the impact of routine changes of estimates relating to operating assumptions, as described in note 12(b)(iv) below; and
-
operating experience variances, as described in note 12(b)(v) below.
 
Non-operating results comprise the recurrent items of:
-
short-term fluctuations in investment returns;
-
the mark to market value movements on core borrowings; and
-
the effect of changes in economic assumptions.
 
In addition, for half year 2017, non-operating free surplus generated includes the effect of the disposal of the Korea life business. For all periods, non-operating profit includes a reclassification from operating profit of the results attributable to the sold Korea life business. For full year 2016, non-operating result also includes the effect of adjustment to the carrying value of the Korea life business following its reclassification as held for sale (see note 15 for details).
 
Total profit attributable to shareholders and basic earnings per share include these items, together with actual investment returns. The Group believes that operating profit, as adjusted for these items, better reflects underlying performance.
 
(ii) 
Investment returns included in operating profit
For the investment element of the assets covering the net worth of long-term insurance business, investment returns are recognised in operating results at the expected long-term rate of return. These expected returns are calculated by reference to the asset mix of the portfolio. For the purpose of calculating the longer-term investment return to be included in the operating result of the PAC with-profits fund of UK operations, where assets backing the liabilities and unallocated surplus are subject to market volatility, asset values at the beginning of the reporting period are adjusted to remove the effects of short-term market movements as explained in note 12(b)(iii) below.
 
For the purpose of determining the long-term returns for debt securities of US operations for fixed annuity and other general account business, a risk margin charge is included which reflects the expected long-term rate of default based on the credit quality of the portfolio. For Jackson, interest-related realised gains and losses are amortised to the operating results over the maturity period of the sold bonds and for equity-related investments, a long-term rate of return is assumed, which reflects the aggregation of end-of-period risk-free rates and equity risk premium. For US variable annuity separate account business, operating profit includes the unwind of discount on the opening value of in-force business adjusted to reflect end-of-period projected rates of return with the excess or deficit of the actual return recognised within non-operating profit, together with the related hedging activity.
 
For UK annuity business, rebalancing of the asset portfolio backing the liabilities to policyholders may, from time to time, take place to align it more closely with the internal benchmark of credit quality that management applies. Such rebalancing will result in a change in the projected yield on the asset portfolio and the allowance for default risk. The net effect of these changes is included in the operating result for the period.
 
(iii) 
Unwind of discount and other expected returns
The Group’s methodology in determining the unwind of discount and other expected returns is by reference to:
-
the value of in-force business at the beginning of the period (adjusted for the effect of current period economic and operating assumption changes); and
-
required capital and surplus assets.
 
In applying this general approach, the unwind of discount included in operating profit for UK insurance operations is described below.
 
UK operations
The unwind is determined by reference to an implied single risk discount rate. Following the implementation of Solvency II, the EEV risk-free rate is based on a yield curve (as set out in note 12a(viii) above), which is used to derive a single implied discount rate which, if this rate had been used, would reproduce the same embedded value as that calculated by reference to the yield curve. The difference between the operating profit determined using the single implied discount rate and that derived using the yield curve is included within non-operating profit.
 
For with-profits business, the opening value of in-force is adjusted for the effect of short-term investment volatility due to market movements (ie smoothed). In the summary statement of financial position and for total profit reporting, asset values and investment returns are not smoothed. At 30 June 2017 the shareholders’ interest in the smoothed surplus assets used for this purpose only were £31 million lower (30 June 2016: £21 million lower; 31 December 2016: £77 million lower) than the surplus assets carried in the statement of financial position.
 
(iv) 
Effect of changes in operating assumptions
Operating profit includes the effect of changes to non-economic assumptions on the value of in-force at the end of the period. For presentational purposes the effect of changes is delineated to show the effect on the opening value of in-force as operating assumption changes, with the experience variances subsequently being determined by reference to the end-of-period assumptions (see note 12(b)(v) below).
 
(v) 
Operating experience variances
Operating profit includes the effect of experience variances on non-economic assumptions, such as persistency, mortality and morbidity, expenses and other factors, which are calculated with reference to the end-of-period assumptions.
 
(vi) 
Effect of changes in economic assumptions
Movements in the value of in-force business at the beginning of the period caused by changes in economic assumptions, net of the related change in the time value of cost of options and guarantees, are recorded in non-operating results. For UK insurance operations, the embedded value incorporates Solvency II transitional measures, which are recalculated using management’s estimate of the impact of operating and market conditions at the valuation date. The effect of changes in economic assumptions is after allowing for this recalculation.
 
 
13 Assumptions
 
Principal economic assumptions
The EEV basis results for the Group’s operations have been determined using economic assumptions where the long-term expected rates of return on investments and risk discount rates are set by reference to period-end risk-free rates of return (defined below for each of the Group’s insurance operations). Expected returns on equity and property asset classes and corporate bonds are derived by adding a risk premium, based on the Group’s long-term view, to the risk-free rate. In order to reflect Prudential’s most recent assessment of the growth prospects of the region compared to other developed markets and the historically strong relationship between long-term economic growth and long-term equity returns, in a number of Asia business units, equity risk premiums have been increased at half year 2017 by between 25 basis points and 75 basis points from those applied at half year and full year 2016. The related risk discount rates have also been increased by equivalent amounts. In addition, for a few Asia business units, expected long-term inflation assumptions at half year 2017 have been revised to better reflect central bank inflation targets and to align with the currency of the underlying exposures.
 
The total profit that emerges over the lifetime of an individual contract as calculated using the embedded value basis is the same as that calculated under the IFRS basis. Since the embedded value basis reflects discounted future cash flows, under this methodology the profit emergence is advanced, thus more closely aligning the timing of the recognition of profit with the efforts and risks of current management actions, particularly with regard to business sold during the period.
 
(i) 
Asia operationsnotes (b)(c)
The risk-free rates of return for Asia operations are defined as 10-year government bond yields at the end of the period.
 
 
Risk discount rate %
 
New business
 
In-force business
 
2017
 
2016
 
2017
 
2016
 
30 Jun
 
30 Jun
31 Dec
 
30 Jun
 
30 Jun
31 Dec
China
9.3
 
9.4
9.6
 
9.3
 
9.4
9.6
Hong Kongnotes (b)(d)
3.6
 
3.0
3.9
 
3.7
 
2.9
3.9
Indonesia
11.2
 
11.5
12.0
 
11.2
 
11.5
12.0
Malaysianote (d)
6.8
 
6.3
6.8
 
6.9
 
6.4
6.9
Philippines
12.2
 
10.5
11.6
 
12.2
 
10.5
11.6
Singaporenote (d)
3.8
 
3.6
4.2
 
4.7
 
4.5
5.0
Taiwan
3.8
 
3.8
4.0
 
4.1
 
3.3
4.0
Thailand
10.0
 
8.7
9.4
 
10.0
 
8.7
9.4
Vietnam
13.2
 
13.7
13.0
 
13.2
 
13.7
13.0
Total weighted risk discount ratenote (a)
5.1
 
4.7
5.3
 
5.8
 
5.7
6.1
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
10-year government bond yield %
 
Expected long-term Inflation %
 
2017
 
2016
 
2017
 
2016
 
30 Jun
 
30 Jun
31 Dec
 
30 Jun
 
30 Jun
31 Dec
China
3.6
 
2.9
3.1
 
3.0
 
2.5
2.5
Hong Kongnotes (b)(d)
2.3
 
1.5
2.5
 
2.5
 
2.3
2.3
Indonesia
6.9
 
7.6
8.1
 
4.5
 
5.0
5.0
Malaysianote (d)
3.9
 
3.8
4.3
 
2.5
 
2.5
2.5
Philippines
4.7
 
3.7
4.8
 
4.0
 
4.0
4.0
Singaporenote (d)
2.1
 
1.9
2.5
 
2.0
 
2.0
2.0
Taiwan
1.1
 
0.8
1.2
 
1.5
 
1.0
1.0
Thailand
2.5
 
2.0
2.7
 
3.0
 
3.0
3.0
Vietnam
5.7
 
6.9
6.3
 
5.5
 
5.5
5.5
 
Notes
(a) 
The weighted risk discount rates for Asia operations shown above have been determined by weighting each country’s risk discount rates by reference to the post-tax EEV basis new business contribution and the closing value of in-force business. The changes in the risk discount rates for individual Asia business units reflect:
-
the movements in 10-year government bond yields;
-
changes in product mix; and
-
the effect of changes in the economic basis (see note 6(ii)).
(b) 
For Hong Kong the assumptions shown are for US dollar denominated business. For other business units, the assumptions are for local currency denominated business.
(c) 
Equity risk premiums in Asia range from 4.0 per cent to 9.4 per cent (half year 2016: from 3.5 per cent to 8.7 per cent; full year 2016: from 3.5 per cent to 8.7 per cent).
(d) 
The mean equity return assumptions for the most significant equity holdings of the Asia operations are:
 
 
 
2017 %
 
2016 %
 
 
30 Jun
 
30 Jun
31 Dec
 
Hong Kong
6.3
 
5.5
6.5
 
Malaysia
10.4
 
9.8
10.2
 
Singapore
8.6
 
7.9
8.5
 
 
(ii)            
US operations
The risk-free rates of return for US operations are defined as 10-year treasury bond yield at the end of the period.
 
 
 
 
2017 %
 
2016 %
 
 
 
30 Jun
 
30 Jun
31 Dec
Assumed new business spread margins:*
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed annuity business:**
 
 
 
 
 
 
January to June issues
1.50
 
1.25
1.25
 
 
July to December issues
n/a
 
n/a
1.25
 
Fixed index annuity business:
 
 
 
 
 
 
January to June issues
1.75
 
1.50
1.50
 
 
July to December issues
n/a
 
n/a
1.50
 
Institutional business
0.50
 
0.50
0.50
Allowance for long-term defaults included in projected spreadnote 12(a)(viii)
0.20
 
0.21
0.21
Risk discount rate:
 
 
 
 
 
Variable annuity:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Risk discount rate
6.7
 
6.0
6.9
 
 
Additional allowance for credit risk included in risk discount ratenote 12(a)(viii)
0.2
 
0.2
0.2
 
Non-variable annuity:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Risk discount rate
3.9
 
3.1
4.1
 
 
Additional allowance for credit risk included in risk discount ratenote 12(a)(viii)
1.0
 
1.0
1.0
 
Weighted average total:
 
 
 
 
 
 
New business
6.5
 
5.7
6.8
 
 
In-force business
6.3
 
5.4
6.5
US 10-year treasury bond yield
2.3
 
1.5
2.5
Pre-tax expected long-term nominal rate of return for US equities
6.3
 
5.5
6.5
Expected long-term rate of inflation
2.9
 
2.7
3.0
Equity risk premium
4.0
 
4.0
4.0
S&P equity return volatilitynote (v)
18.0
 
18.0
18.0
 
* including the proportion of variable annuity business invested in the general account and fixed index annuity business, the assumed spread margin grades up
linearly by 25 basis points to a long-term assumption over five years.
** including the proportion of variable annuity business invested in the general account.
 
(iii)            
UK insurance operations
Following the implementation of Solvency II on 1 January 2016, the risk-free rate is based on the full term structure of interest rates, ie a yield curve, which is used to determine the embedded value at the end of the reporting period. These yield curves are used to derive pre-tax expected long-term nominal rates of investment return and risk discount rates. For the purpose of determining the unwind of discount in the analysis of operating profit, these yield curves are used to derive a single implied risk discount rate, as explained in note 12(a)(viii).
 
This single implied risk discount rate is shown, along with the 15-year nominal rate of return based on the yield curve.
 
 
2017 %
 
2016 %
 
30 Jun
 
30 Jun
31 Dec
Shareholder-backed annuity business:
 
 
 
 
Risk discount rate:note (a)
 
 
 
 
 
New business
4.1
 
4.5
3.9
 
In-force business
4.3
 
4.2
4.5
Pre-tax expected 15-year nominal rates of investment return:notes (a)(b)
 
 
 
 
 
New business
2.7
 
3.4
3.0
 
In-force business
2.7
 
2.9
2.8
With-profits and other business:
 
 
 
 
Risk discount rate:*
 
 
 
 
 
New business
4.9
 
4.6
4.7
 
In-force business
4.9
 
4.6
4.9
Pre-tax expected 15-year nominal rates of investment return:note (b)
 
 
 
 
 
Overseas equities
6.1 to 9.9
 
5.5 to 8.8
6.2 to 9.4
 
Property
4.5
 
4.3
4.5
 
15-year gilt yield
1.7
 
1.5
1.7
 
Corporate bonds
3.5
 
3.2
3.5
Expected 15-year rate of inflation
3.5
 
3.1
3.6
Equity risk premium
4.0
 
4.0
4.0
 
The risk discount rates for with-profits and other business shown above represents a weighted average total of the rates applied to determine the present
value of future cash flows, including a portion of future with-profits business shareholders’ transfers recognised in net worth.
 
Notes
(a)
For shareholder-backed annuity business, the movements in the pre-tax long-term nominal rates of return and risk discount rates for new and in-force businesses reflect the effect of changes in asset yields (based on average yields for new business).
(b)
The table below shows the pattern of the UK risk-free Solvency II spot yield curve at the end of all periods shown:
 
 
 
 
1 year
5 year
10 year
15 year
20 year
 
30 Jun 2017
 
0.4%
0.8%
1.2%
1.4%
1.5%
 
31 Dec 2016
 
0.4%
0.7%
1.1%
1.3%
1.3%
 
30 Jun 2016
 
0.4%
0.5%
0.9%
1.1%
1.1%
 
Stochastic assumptions
Details are given below of the key characteristics of the models used to determine the time value of the financial options and guarantees as referred to in note 12(a)(iv).
 
(iv) 
Asia operations
-
The stochastic cost of guarantees is primarily of significance for the Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore and Taiwan operations.
-
The principal asset classes are government and corporate bonds.
-
The asset return models are similar to the models as described for UK insurance operations below.
-
The volatility of equity returns ranges from 18 per cent to 35 per cent, and the volatility of government bond yields ranges from 0.9 per cent to 2.3 per cent for all periods shown.
 
(v) 
US operations (Jackson)
-
Interest rates and equity returns are projected using a log-normal generator reflecting historical market data.
-
Corporate bond returns are based on treasury yields plus a spread that reflects current market conditions.
-
The volatility of equity returns ranges from 18 per cent to 27 per cent for all periods shown, and the standard deviation of interest rates ranges from 2.4 per cent to 2.7 per cent (half year and full year 2016: from 2.3 per cent to 2.6 per cent).
 
(vi) 
UK insurance operations
-
Interest rates are projected using a stochastic interest rate model calibrated to the current market yields.
-
Equity returns are assumed to follow a log-normal distribution.
-
The corporate bond return is calculated based on a risk-free return plus a mean-reverting spread.
-
Property returns are also modelled on a risk-free return plus a risk premium with a stochastic process reflecting total property returns.
-
The standard deviation of equities and property ranges from 15 per cent to 20 per cent for all periods shown.
 
Operating assumptions
 
Best estimate assumptions
Best estimate assumptions are used for the cash flow projections, where best estimate is defined as the mean of the distribution of future possible outcomes. The assumptions are reviewed actively and changes are made when evidence exists that material changes in future experience are reasonably certain.
 
Assumptions required in the calculation of the value of options and guarantees, for example relating to volatilities and correlations, or dynamic algorithms linking liabilities to assets, have been set equal to the best estimates and, wherever material and practical, reflect any dynamic relationships between the assumptions and the stochastic variables.
 
Demographic assumptions
Persistency, mortality and morbidity assumptions are based on an analysis of recent experience, but also reflect expected future experience. Where relevant, when calculating the time value of financial options and guarantees, policyholder withdrawal rates vary in line with the emerging investment conditions according to management’s expectations.
 
Expense assumptions
Expense levels, including those of service companies that support the Group’s long-term business operations, are based on internal expense analysis investigations and are appropriately allocated to acquisition of new business and renewal of in-force business. Exceptional expenses are identified and reported separately. For mature business, it is Prudential’s policy not to take credit for future cost reduction programmes until the savings have been delivered. For businesses which are currently sub-scale (China, Malaysia Takaful and Taiwan), expense overruns are reported where these are expected to be short-lived.
 
For Asia operations, the expenses comprise costs borne directly and recharged costs from the Asia regional head office, that are attributable to covered business. The assumed future expenses for these operations also include projections of these future recharges. Development expenses are charged as incurred.
 
Corporate expenditure, which is included in other income and expenditure, comprises:
-
expenditure for Group head office, to the extent not allocated to the PAC with-profits funds, together with Solvency II implementation and restructuring costs, which are charged to the EEV basis results as incurred; and
-
expenditure of the Asia regional head office that is not allocated to the covered business or asset management operations which is charged as incurred. These costs are primarily for corporate related activities and are included within corporate expenditure.
 
Tax rates
The assumed long-term effective tax rates for operations reflect the incidence of taxable profits and losses in the projected cash flows as explained in note 12(a)(x).
 
The local standard corporate tax rates applicable for the most significant operations for 2016 and half year 2017 are as follows:
 
Standard corporate tax rates
 
%
Asia operations:
 
 
Hong Kong
 
16.5 per cent on 5 per cent of premium income
Indonesia
 
25.0
        Malaysia
 
24.0
Singapore
 
17.0
US operations
 
35.0
UK operations
 
2016: 20.0; from 1 April 2017: 19.0; from 1 April 2020: 17.0
 
 
 
14 Total insurance and investment products new businessnote (i)
 
Group insurance operations – new business premiums and contributions
 
 
Single premiums
 
Regular premiums
 
Annual premium and contribution equivalents (APE)
 
 Present value of new business premiums (PVNBP)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
note 12(a)(ii)
 
note 12(a)(ii)
 
2017 £m
 
2016 £m
 
2017 £m
 
2016 £m
 
2017 £m
 
2016 £m
 
2017 £m
 
2016 £m
 
Half
year
 
Half
year
Full
year
 
Half
year
 
Half
year
Full
year
 
Half
year
 
Half
year
Full
year
 
Half
year
 
Half
year
Full
year
Asia*
1,131
 
1,003
2,397
 
1,830
 
1,505
3,359
 
1,943
 
1,605
3,599
 
10,095
 
8,679
19,271
US
9,602
 
7,816
15,608
 
-
 
-
-
 
960
 
782
1,561
 
9,602
 
7,816
15,608
UK**
6,251
 
4,936
9,836
 
96
 
99
177
 
721
 
593
1,160
 
6,616
 
5,267
10,513
Group Total
16,984
 
13,755
27,841
 
1,926
 
1,604
3,536
 
3,624
 
2,980
6,320
 
26,313
 
21,762
45,392
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Asia insurance operations
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cambodia
-
 
-
 -
 
8
 
6
14
 
8
 
6
14
 
37
 
30
66
Hong Kong
368
 
506
1,140
 
877
 
817
1,798
 
914
 
868
1,912
 
5,190
 
5,045
10,930
Indonesia
126
 
84
236
 
131
 
117
255
 
144
 
125
279
 
558
 
486
1,048
Malaysia
33
 
52
110
 
125
 
104
233
 
128
 
109
244
 
623
 
630
1,352
Philippines
28
 
36
91
 
33
 
26
61
 
36
 
30
70
 
134
 
118
278
Singapore
323
 
174
523
 
163
 
125
299
 
195
 
142
351
 
1,451
 
1,063
2,627
Thailand
53
 
36
80
 
37
 
39
81
 
42
 
43
89
 
199
 
197
404
Vietnam
3
 
3
6
 
62
 
44
115
 
62
 
44
116
 
298
 
182
519
SE Asia operations
    including Hong Kong
934
 
891
2,186
 
1,436
 
1,278
2,856
 
1,529
 
1,367
3,075
 
8,490
 
7,751
17,224
Chinanote (ii)
141
 
74
124
 
173
 
102
187
 
187
 
109
199
 
827
 
452
880
Taiwan
25
 
14
36
 
102
 
55
146
 
105
 
56
150
 
314
 
205
499
Indianote (iii)
31
 
24
51
 
119
 
70
170
 
122
 
73
175
 
464
 
271
668
Total Asia insurance
    operations
1,131
 
1,003
2,397
 
1,830
 
1,505
3,359
 
1,943
 
1,605
3,599
 
10,095
 
8,679
19,271
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
US insurance operations
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Variable annuities
6,041
 
4,995
10,653
 
-
 
-
 -
 
604
 
500
1,065
 
6,041
 
4,995
10,653
Elite Access
    (variable annuity)
1,101
 
990
2,056
 
-
 
-
 -
 
110
 
99
206
 
1,101
 
990
2,056
Fixed annuities
245
 
285
555
 
-
 
-
 -
 
24
 
28
55
 
245
 
285
555
Fixed index annuities
158
 
277
508
 
-
 
-
 -
 
16
 
28
51
 
158
 
277
508
Wholesale
2,057
 
1,269
1,836
 
-
 
-
 -
 
206
 
127
184
 
2,057
 
1,269
1,836
Total US insurance
    operations
9,602
 
7,816
15,608
 
-
 
-
-
 
960
 
782
1,561
 
9,602
 
7,816
15,608
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
UK and Europe insurance
    operations
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Individual annuities
120
 
327
546
 
-
 
-
 -
 
12
 
33
55
 
120
 
327
546
Bonds
1,742
 
1,956
3,834
 
-
 
-
 -
 
174
 
196
384
 
1,742
 
1,957
3,835
Corporate pensions
77
 
60
110
 
67
 
68
121
 
75
 
74
132
 
286
 
258
479
Individual pensions
2,609
 
1,137
2,532
 
18
 
21
35
 
279
 
134
289
 
2,690
 
1,212
2,681
Income drawdown
1,061
 
808
1,649
 
-
 
-
 -
 
106
 
81
165
 
1,061
 
808
1,649
Other products
642
 
648
1,165
 
11
 
10
21
 
75
 
75
135
 
717
 
705
1,323
Total UK and Europe
    insurance operations
6,251
 
4,936
9,836
 
96
 
99
177
 
721
 
593
1,160
 
6,616
 
5,267
10,513
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Group Total
16,984
 
13,755
27,841
 
1,926
 
1,604
3,536
 
3,624
 
2,980
6,320
 
26,313
 
21,762
45,392
 
New business premiums and contributions exclude the results attributable to the sold Korea life business for all periods presented. The half year 2016 comparatives have been adjusted from those previously published accordingly.
** 
No UK bulk annuity transactions were recorded in half year 2017 or half year 2016.
 
Investment products ­ funds under managementnotes (iv)(v)(vi)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Half year 2017 £m
 
1 Jan 2017
Market
gross
inflows
Redemptions
Market exchange translation and other movements
30 Jun 2017
Eastspring Investments
38,042
11,536
(9,263)
4,281
44,596
M&G
136,763
22,677
(15,498)
5,176
149,118
Group Total
174,805
34,213
(24,761)
9,457
193,714
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Half year 2016 £m
 
1 Jan 2016
Market
gross
inflows
Redemptions
Market exchange translation
and other movements
30 Jun 2016
Eastspring Investments
30,281
6,163
(6,575)
2,859
32,728
M&G
126,405
9,731
(16,697)
10,217
129,656
Group Total
156,686
15,894
(23,272)
13,076
162,384
 
Notes
(i) The tables shown above are provided as an indicative volume measure of transactions undertaken in the reporting period that have the potential to generate profits for shareholders. The amounts shown are not, and not intended to be, reflective of premium income recorded in the IFRS income statement. A reconciliation of APE and gross earned premiums on an IFRS basis is provided in Note D within the EEV unaudited financial information.
 
The format of the tables shown above is consistent with the distinction between insurance and investment products as applied for previous financial reporting periods. With the exception of some US institutional business, products categorised as ‘insurance’ refer to those classified as contracts of long-term insurance business for regulatory reporting purposes, ie falling within one of the classes of insurance specified in Part II of schedule 1 to the Regulated Activities Order under PRA regulations.
 
The details shown above for insurance products include contributions for contracts that are classified under IFRS 4 ‘Insurance Contracts’ as not containing significant insurance risk. These products are described as investment contracts or other financial instruments under IFRS. Contracts included in this category are primarily certain unit-linked and similar contracts written in UK insurance operations and Guaranteed Investment Contracts and similar funding agreements written in US operations.
 
(ii) New business in China is included at Prudential’s 50 per cent interest in the China life operation.
(iii) New business in India is included at Prudential’s 26 per cent interest in the India life operation.
(iv) Investment products referred to in the tables for fund under management above are unit trust, mutual funds and similar types of retail fund management arrangements. These are unrelated to insurance products that are classified as ‘investment contracts’ under IFRS 4, although similar IFRS recognition and measurement principles apply to the acquisition costs and fees attaching to this type of business.
(v) Investment flows for half year 2017 exclude Eastspring Money Market Funds gross inflows of £96,704 million (half year 2016: gross inflows of £62,302 million) and net inflows of £499 million (half year 2016: net inflows of £656 million).
(vi) 
New business and market gross inflows and redemptions have been translated at an average exchange rate for the period applicable. Funds under management at points in time are translated at the exchange rate applicable to those dates.
 
 
15 Sale of Korea life business
 
On 18 May 2017, the Group announced it had completed the sale of its life insurance subsidiary in Korea, PCA Life Insurance, to Mirae Asset Life Insurance for KRW 170 billion (£117 million at 17 May 2017 closing exchange rate) following regulatory approval. The proceeds, net of £9 million of related expenses, were £108 million. Upon disposal, £76 million of required capital was released and a corresponding increase in free surplus was recognised. There were no other impacts on the half year 2017 results.
 
In order to facilitate comparisons of the Group’s retained businesses, the EEV basis operating profit excludes the contribution from the Korea life business, and reclassifies it separately within non-operating results. This approach is consistent with the presentation of operating profit for full year 2016 reported in the Group 2016 Annual Report. The half year 2016 comparative results have been similarly adjusted. For full year 2016, the non-operating loss attributable to the Korea life business also includes the adjustment to the carrying value of the business following its reclassification as held for sale.
 
 
Additional EEV financial information*
 
A New Business
 
BASIS OF PREPARATION
 
The format of the schedules is consistent with the distinction between insurance and investment products as applied for previous financial reporting periods. With the exception of some US institutional business, products categorised as ‘insurance’ refer to those classified as contracts of long-term insurance business for regulatory reporting purposes, ie falling within one of the classes of insurance specified in part II of Schedule 1 to the Regulated Activities Order under Prudential Regulation Authority regulations.
 
The details shown for insurance products include contributions for contracts that are classified under IFRS 4 ‘Insurance Contracts’ as not containing significant insurance risk. These products are described as investment contracts or other financial instruments under IFRS. Contracts included in this category are primarily certain unit-linked and similar contracts written in UK Insurance Operations, and Guaranteed Investment Contracts and similar funding agreements written in US Operations.
 
New business premiums for regular premium products are shown on an annualised basis. Internal vesting business is classified as new business where the contracts include an open market option. New business premiums reflect those premiums attaching to covered business, including premiums for contracts designed as investment products for IFRS reporting.
 
Investment products referred to in the tables for funds under management are unit trusts, mutual funds and similar types of retail fund management arrangements. These are unrelated to insurance products that are classified as investment contracts under IFRS 4, as described in the preceding paragraph, although similar IFRS recognition and measurement principles apply to the acquisition costs and fees attaching to this type of business.
 
Post-tax New Business Profit has been determined using the European Embedded Value (EEV) methodology set out in our EEV basis results supplement.
 
In determining the EEV basis value of new business written in the period policies incept, premiums are included in projected cash flows on the same basis of distinguishing annual and single premium business as set out for statutory basis reporting.
 
Annual premium equivalent (APE) sales are subject to rounding.
 
*      
The additional financial information is not covered by the KPMG LLP independent review opinion.
 
Notes to Schedules A(i) to A(v)
 
(1)
Prudential plc reports its results using both actual exchange rates (AER) and constant exchange rates (CER) so as to eliminate the impact of exchange translation.
 
 
 
Average rate**
 
Closing rate
 
Local currency : £
Half year
2017
Half year
2016
% appreciation (depreciation) of local currency against GBP
 
30 Jun
2017
30 Jun
2016
% appreciation (depreciation) of local currency against GBP
 
China
8.66
9.37
8%
 
8.81
8.88
1%
 
Hong Kong
9.80
11.13
14%
 
10.14
10.37
2%
 
Indonesia
16,793.63
19,222.95
14%
 
17,311.76
17,662.47
2%
 
Malaysia
5.53
5.87
6%
 
5.58
5.39
(3)%
 
Singapore
1.77
1.98
12%
 
1.79
1.80
1%
 
Thailand
43.72
50.81
16%
 
44.13
46.98
6%
 
US
1.26
1.43
13%
 
1.30
1.34
3%
 
Vietnam
28,612.70
31,996.45
12%
 
29,526.43
29,815.99
1%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Average rate
 
Closing rate
 
Local currency : £
Half year**
2017
Full year
2016
% appreciation (depreciation) of local currency against GBP
 
30 Jun
2017
31 Dec
2016
% appreciation (depreciation) of local currency against GBP
 
China
8.66
8.99
4%
 
8.81
8.59
(2)%
 
Hong Kong
9.80
10.52
7%
 
10.14
9.58
(6)%
 
Indonesia
16,793.63
18,026.11
7%
 
17,311.76
16,647.30
(4)%
 
Malaysia
5.53
5.61
1%
 
5.58
5.54
(1)%
 
Singapore
1.77
1.87
6%
 
1.79
1.79
0%
 
Thailand
43.72
47.80
9%
 
44.13
44.25
0%
 
US
1.26
1.35
7%
 
1.30
1.24
(5)%
 
Vietnam
28,612.70
30,292.79
6%
 
29,526.43
28,136.99
(5)%
 
** 
Average rate is for the 6 month period to 30 June.
 
(1a) 
Insurance new business for overseas operations are converted using the year-to-date average exchange rate applicable at the time (AER). The sterling results for the second half of 2016 represent the difference between the year-to-date reported sterling results at the year end and the results for the first half of 2016. The second half results therefore include the true up between the first half and full year average exchange rates applied to the first half results.
(1b) 
Insurance new business for overseas operations for half year 2016 has been calculated using constant exchange rates (CER).
(2) 
Annual Equivalents, calculated as regular new business contributions plus 10 per cent of single new business contributions, are subject to rounding. Present value of new business premiums (PVNBP) are calculated as equalling single premiums plus the present value of expected premiums of new regular premium business. In determining the present value, allowance is made for lapses and other assumptions applied in determining the EEV new business profit.
(3) 
Balance includes segregated and pooled pension funds, private finance assets and other institutional clients.
(4) 
New business in India is included at Prudential's 26 per cent interest in the India life operation.
(5) 
Balance Sheet figures have been calculated at the closing exchange rate.
(6) 
New business in China is included at Prudential's 50 per cent interest in the China life operation.
(7) 
Mandatory Provident Fund (MPF) product sales in Hong Kong are included at Prudential's 36 per cent interest in Hong Kong MPF operation.
(8) 
Investment flows for the period exclude year-to-date Eastspring Money Market Funds (MMF) gross inflow of £96,704 million (half year 2016: gross inflow of £62,302 million; full year 2016: gross inflow of £146,711 million) and net inflow of £499 million (half year 2016: net inflow of £656 million; full year 2016: net inflow of £403 million).
(9) 
Total Group Investment Operations funds under management exclude MMF funds under management of £8,327 million at 30 June 2017 (30 June 2016: £7,421 million; 31 December 2016: £7,714 million).
(10) 
New business premiums and contributions exclude the results attributable to the sold Korea life business for all periods presented. Half year 2016 comparatives have been adjusted from those previously published accordingly (APE: £50 million, PVNBP: £276 million, new business contribution: £3 million on actual exchange rate).
 
 
Schedule A(i) New Business Insurance Operations (Actual Exchange Rates)
 
 
Single premiums
Regular premiums
Annual Equivalents(2)
PVNBP(2)
 
2017
2016
 
2017
2016
 
2017
2016
 
2017
2016
 
 
Half
year
Half
year
+/-
Half
year
Half
year
+/-
Half
year
Half
year
+/-
Half
year
Half
year
+/-
 
£m
£m
%
£m
£m
%
£m
£m
%
£m
£m
%
Group Insurance Operations
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Asia(1a)(10)
1,131
1,003
13%
1,830
1,505
22%
1,943
1,605
21%
10,095
8,679
16%
US(1a)
9,602
7,816
23%
-
-
-
960
782
23%
9,602
7,816
23%
UK
6,251
4,936
27%
96
99
(3)%
721
593
22%
6,616
5,267
26%
Group Total(10)
16,984
13,755
23%
1,926
1,604
20%
3,624
2,980
22%
26,313
21,762
21%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Asia Insurance
Operations(1a)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cambodia
-
-
-
8
6
33%
8
6
33%
37
30
23%
Hong Kong
368
506
(27)%
877
817
7%
914
868
5%
5,190
5,045
3%
Indonesia
126
84
50%
131
117
12%
144
125
15%
558
486
15%
Malaysia
33
52
(37)%
125
104
20%
128
109
17%
623
630
(1)%
Philippines
28
36
(22)%
33
26
27%
36
30
20%
134
118
14%
Singapore
323
174
86%
163
125
30%
195
142
37%
1,451
1,063
37%
Thailand
53
36
47%
37
39
(5)%
42
43
(2)%
199
197
1%
Vietnam
3
3
-
62
44
41%
62
44
41%
298
182
64%
SE Asia Operations
inc. Hong Kong
934
891
5%
1,436
1,278
12%
1,529
1,367
12%
8,490
7,751
10%
China(6)
141
74
91%
173
102
70%
187
109
72%
827
452
83%
Taiwan
25
14
79%
102
55
85%
105
56
88%
314
205
53%
India(4)
31
24
29%
119
70
70%
122
73
67%
464
271
71%
Total Asia Insurance
Operations (10)
1,131
1,003
13%
1,830
1,505
22%
1,943
1,605
21%
10,095
8,679
16%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
US Insurance
Operations(1a)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Variable annuities
6,041
4,995
21%
-
-
-
604
500
21%
6,041
4,995
21%
Elite Access (variable
annuity)
1,101
990
11%
-
-
-
110
99
11%
1,101
990
11%
Fixed annuities
245
285
(14)%
-
-
-
24
28
(14)%
245
285
(14)%
Fixed index annuities
158
277
(43)%
-
-
-
16
28
(43)%
158
277
(43)%
Wholesale
2,057
1,269
62%
-
-
-
206
127
62%
2,057
1,269
62%
Total US Insurance
Operations
9,602
7,816
23%
-
-
-
960
782
23%
9,602
7,816
23%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
UK & Europe
Insurance Operations
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Individual annuities
120
327
(63)%
-
-
-
12
33
(64)%
120
327
(63)%
Bonds
1,742
1,956
(11)%
-
-
-
174
196
(11)%
1,742
1,957
(11)%
Corporate pensions
77
60
28%
67
68
(1)%
75
74
1%
286
258
11%
Individual pensions
2,609
1,137
129%
18
21
(14)%
279
134
108%
2,690
1,212
122%
Income drawdown
1,061
808
31%
-
-
-
106
81
31%
1,061
808
31%
Other products
642
648
(1)%
11
10
10%
75
75
-
717
705
2%
Total UK & Europe Insurance Operations
6,251
4,936
27%
96
99
(3)%
721
593
22%
6,616
5,267
26%
Group Total (10)
16,984
13,755
23%
1,926
1,604
20%
3,624
2,980
22%
26,313
21,762
21%
 
 
Schedule A(ii) New Business Insurance Operations (Constant Exchange Rates)
 
Note: 
In schedule A(ii) constant exchange rates (CER) have been used to calculate insurance new business for overseas operations for half year 2016.
 
 
Single premiums
Regular premiums
Annual Equivalents(2)
PVNBP(2)
 
2017
2016
 
2017
2016
 
2017
2016
 
2017
2016
 
 
Half
year
Half
year
+/-
Half
year
Half
year
+/-
Half
year
Half
year
+/-
Half
year
Half
year
+/-
 
£m
£m
%
£m
£m
%
£m
£m
%
£m
£m
%
Group Insurance
Operations
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Asia(1a)(1b)(10)
1,131
1,130
0%
1,830
1,701
8%
1,943
1,814
7%
10,095
9,794
3%
US(1a)(1b)
9,602
8,890
8%
-
-
-
960
889
8%
9,602
8,890
8%
UK
6,251
4,936
27%
96
99
(3)%
721
593
22%
6,616
5,267
26%
Group Total(10)
16,984
14,956
14%
1,926
1,800
7%
3,624
3,296
10%
26,313
23,951
10%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Asia Insurance
Operations(1a)(1b)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cambodia
-
-
-
8
6
33%
8
6
33%
37
34
9%
Hong Kong
368
576
(36)%
877
929
(6)%
914
987
(7)%
5,190
5,732
(9)%
Indonesia
126
96
31%
131
133
(2)%
144
143
1%
558
557
0%
Malaysia
33
54
(39)%
125
111
13%
128
116
10%
623
669
(7)%
Philippines
28
39
(28)%
33
28
18%
36
32
13%
134
126
6%
Singapore
323
194
66%
163
140
16%
195
159
23%
1,451
1,189
22%
Thailand
53
42
26%
37
47
(21)%
42
51
(18)%
199
229
(13)%
Vietnam
3
3
-
62
50
24%
62
50
24%
298
204
46%
SE Asia Operations
inc. Hong Kong
934
1,004
(7)%
1,436
1,444
(1)%
1,529
1,544
(1)%
8,490
8,740
(3)%
China(6)
141
81
74%
173
110
57%
187
118
58%
827
489
69%
Taiwan
25
17
47%
102
66
55%
105
68
54%
314
249
26%
India(4)
31
28
11%
119
81
47%
122
84
45%
464
316
47%
Total Asia Insurance
Operations(10)
1,131
1,130
0%
1,830
1,701
8%
1,943
1,814
7%
10,095
9,794
3%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
US Insurance
Operations(1a)(1b)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Variable annuities
6,041
5,682
6%
-
-
-
604
568
6%
6,041
5,682
6%
Elite Access (variable
annuity)
1,101
1,125
(2)%
-
-
-
110
113
(3)%
1,101
1,125
(2)%
Fixed annuities
245
324
(24)%
-
-
-
24
32
(25)%
245
324
(24)%
Fixed index annuities
158
315
(50)%
-
-
-
16
32
(50)%
158
315
(50)%
Wholesale
2,057
1,444
42%
-
-
-
206
144
43%
2,057
1,444
42%
Total US Insurance
Operations
9,602
8,890
8%
-
-
-
960
889
8%
9,602
8,890
8%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
UK & Europe
Insurance Operations
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Individual annuities
120
327
(63)%
-
-
-
12
33
(64)%
120
327
(63)%
Bonds
1,742
1,956
(11)%
-
-
-
174
196
(11)%
1,742
1,957
(11)%
Corporate pensions
77
60
28%
67
68
(1)%
75
74
1%
286
258
11%
Individual pensions
2,609
1,137
129%
18
21
(14)%
279
134
108%
2,690
1,212
122%
Income drawdown
1,061
808
31%
-
-
-
106
81
31%
1,061
808
31%
Other products
642
648
(1)%
11
10
10%
75
75
-
717
705
2%
Total UK & Europe
Insurance Operations
6,251
4,936
27%
96
99
(3)%
721
593
22%
6,616
5,267
26%
Group Total (10)
16,984
14,956
14%
1,926
1,800
7%
3,624
3,296
10%
26,313
23,951
10%
 
 
Schedule A(iii) Total Insurance New Business APE (Actual and Constant Exchange Rates)
 
Note: In schedule A(iii) amounts for the first half (H1) and second half (H2) of 2016 are presented on both actual exchange rate (AER) and constant exchange rate (CER). The half year 2017 amounts are presented on actual exchange rate.
 
 
 
2016
2017
 
Actual exchange rates
Constant exchange rates
Actual exchange rates
 
H1
H2
H1
H2
H1
 
£m
£m
£m
£m
£m
Group Insurance Operations
 
 
 
 
 
Asia(1a)(10)
1,605
1,994
1,814
2,033
1,943
US(1a)
782
779
889
789
960
UK
593
567
593
567
721
Group Total(10)
2,980
3,340
3,296
3,389
3,624
 
 
 
 
 
 
Asia Insurance Operations(1a)
 
 
 
 
 
Cambodia
6
8
6
8
8
Hong Kong
868
1,044
987
1,066
914
Indonesia
125
154
143
157
144
Malaysia
109
135
116
131
128
Philippines
30
40
32
39
36
Singapore
142
209
159
212
195
Thailand
43
46
51
46
42
Vietnam
44
72
50
74
62
SE Asia Operations inc. Hong Kong
1,367
1,708
1,544
1,733
1,529
China(6)
109
90
118
89
187
Taiwan
56
94
68
102
105
India(4)
73
102
84
109
122
Total Asia Insurance Operations(10)
1,605
1,994
1,814
2,033
1,943
 
 
 
 
 
 
US Insurance Operations(1a)
 
 
 
 
 
Variable annuities
500
565
568
576
604
Elite Access (variable annuity)
99
107
113
109
110
Fixed annuities
28
27
32
27
24
Fixed index annuities
28
23
32
23
16
Wholesale
127
57
144
54
206
Total US Insurance Operations
782
779
889
789
960
 
 
 
 
 
 
UK & Europe Insurance Operations
 
 
 
 
 
Individual annuities
33
22
33
22
12
Bonds
196
188
196
188
174
Corporate pensions
74
58
74
58
75
Individual pensions
134
155
134
155
279
Income drawdown
81
84
81
84
106
Other products
75
60
75
60
75
Total UK & Europe Insurance Operations
593
567
593
567
721
Group Total(10)
2,980
3,340
3,296
3,389
3,624
 
 
Schedule A(iv) Investment Operations (Actual Exchange Rates)
 
 
 
2016
 
 
2017
 
 
 
H1
H2
 
 
H1
 
 
 
£m
£m
 
 
£m
 
Group Investment Operations
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Opening FUM
 
156,686
162,384
 
 
174,805
 
Net Flows:(8)
 
(7,378)
1,123
 
 
9,452
 
    - Gross Inflows
 
15,894
24,239
 
 
34,213
 
    - Redemptions
 
(23,272)
(23,116)
 
 
(24,761)
 
Other Movements
 
13,076
11,298
 
 
9,457
 
Total Group Investment Operations(9)
 
162,384
174,805
 
 
193,714
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
M&G
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Retail
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Opening FUM
 
60,801
59,217
 
 
64,209
 
Net Flows:
 
(6,122)
(131)
 
 
5,515
 
    - Gross Inflows
 
6,160
9,625
 
 
15,871
 
    - Redemptions
 
(12,282)
(9,756)
 
 
(10,356)
 
Other Movements
 
4,538
5,123
 
 
2,776
 
Closing FUM
 
59,217
64,209
 
 
72,500
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Comprising amounts for:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   UK
 
34,308
35,208
 
 
35,201
 
   Europe (excluding UK)
 
23,020
26,905
 
 
35,192
 
   South Africa
 
1,889
2,096
 
 
2,107
 
 
 
59,217
64,209
 
 
72,500
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Institutional(3)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Opening FUM
 
65,604
70,439
 
 
72,554
 
Net Flows:
 
(844)
(993)
 
 
1,664
 
    - Gross Inflows
 
3,571
3,485
 
 
6,806
 
    - Redemptions
 
(4,415)
(4,478)
 
 
(5,142)
 
Other Movements
 
5,679
3,108
 
 
2,400
 
Closing FUM
 
70,439
72,554
 
 
76,618
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total M&G Investment Operations
 
129,656
136,763
 
 
149,118
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PPM South Africa FUM included in Total M&G
 
5,354
6,047
 
 
5,427
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Eastspring - excluding MMF(8)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Third Party Retail(7)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Opening FUM
 
25,541
27,155
 
 
30,793
 
Net Flows:
 
(787)
1,237
 
 
2,186
 
    - Gross Inflows
 
5,650
9,875
 
 
10,781
 
    - Redemptions
 
(6,437)
(8,638)
 
 
(8,595)
 
Other Movements
 
2,401
2,401
 
 
3,114
 
Closing FUM(5)
 
27,155
30,793
 
 
36,093
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Third Party Institutional Mandates
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Opening FUM
 
4,740
5,573
 
 
7,249
 
Net Flows:
 
375
1,010
 
 
87
 
    - Gross Inflows
 
513
1,254
 
 
755
 
    - Redemptions
 
(138)
(244)
 
 
(668)
 
Other Movements
 
458
666
 
 
1,167
 
Closing FUM(5)
 
5,573
7,249
 
 
8,503
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total Eastspring Investment Operations
 
32,728
38,042
 
 
44,596
 
 
 
Schedule A(v) Total Insurance New Business Profit (Actual and Constant Exchange Rates)
 
Note: 
In schedule A(v) amounts for half year (HY) and full year (FY) 2016 are presented on both actual exchange rate (AER) and constant exchange rate (CER) basis. The half year 2017 amounts are presented on actual exchange rates.
 
 
2016
2017
 
Actual exchange rates
Constant exchange rates
Actual exchange rates
 
HY
FY
HY
FY
HY
 
£m
£m
£m
£m
£m
New Business Profit(1a)(b)
 
 
 
 
 
Total Asia Insurance Operations(10)
821
2,030
928
2,169
1,092
Total US Insurance Operations
311
790
354
850
436
Total UK Insurance Operations
125
268
125
268
161
Group Total(10)
1,257
3,088
1,407
3,287
1,689
 
 
 
 
 
 
Annual Equivalent(1a)(b)(2)
 
 
 
 
 
Total Asia Insurance Operations(10)
1,605
3,599
1,814
3,847
1,943
Total US Insurance Operations
782
1,561
889
1,678
960
Total UK Insurance Operations
593
1,160
593
1,160
721
Group Total(10)
2,980
6,320
3,296
6,685
3,624
 
 
 
 
 
 
New Business Margin (NBP as % of APE)
 
 
 
 
 
Total Asia Insurance Operations(10)
51%
56%
51%
56%
56%
Total US Insurance Operations
40%
51%
40%
51%
45%
Total UK Insurance Operations
21%
23%
21%
23%
22%
Group Total(10)
42%
49%
43%
49%
47%
 
 
 
 
 
 
PVNBP(1a)(b)(2)
 
 
 
 
 
Total Asia Insurance Operations(10)
8,679
19,271
9,794
20,567
10,095
Total US Insurance Operations
7,816
15,608
8,890
16,783
9,602
Total UK Insurance Operations
5,267
10,513
5,267
10,513
6,616
Group Total(10)
21,762
45,392
23,951
47,863
26,313
 
 
 
 
 
 
New Business Margin (NBP as % of PVNBP)
 
 
 
 
 
Total Asia Insurance Operations(10)
9.5%
10.5%
9.5%
10.5%
10.8%
Total US Insurance Operations
4.0%
5.1%
4.0%
5.1%
4.5%
Total UK Insurance Operations
2.4%
2.5%
2.4%
2.5%
2.4%
Group Total(10)
5.8%
6.8%
5.9%
6.9%
6.4%
 
 
B Foreign currency source of key metrics
 
The tables below show the Group’s key free surplus, IFRS and EEV metrics analysis by contribution by currency group:
 
Free surplus and IFRS half year 2017 results
 
 
 
 
Underlying free surplus generated for total insurance and asset management operations
Pre-tax
operating profit
Shareholders'
funds
 
%
%
%
 
 
notes (2)(3)(4)
notes (2)(3)(4)
US dollar linkednote(1)
11%
22%
21%
Other Asia currencies
19%
18%
15%
Total Asia
30%
40%
36%
UK sterlingnotes (3)(4)
40%
14%
52%
US dollarnote (4)
30%
46%
12%
Total
100%
100%
100%
 
EEV half year 2017 results
 
 
 
 
 Post-tax new
business profits
Post-tax
operating profit
Shareholders'
funds
 
%
%
%
 
 
notes (2)(3)(4)
notes (2)(3)(4)
US dollar linkednote (1)
52%
44%
37%
Other Asia currencies
12%
16%
13%
Total Asia
64%
60%
50%
UK sterlingnotes (3)(4)
10%
9%
30%
US dollarnote (4)
26%
31%
20%
Total
100%
100%
100%
 
Notes
(1) 
US dollar linked comprise the Hong Kong and Vietnam operations where the currencies are pegged to the US dollar and the Malaysia and Singapore operations where the currencies are managed against a basket of currencies including the US dollar.
(2) 
Includes long-term, asset management business and other businesses.
(3) 
For operating profit and shareholders’ funds, UK sterling includes amounts in respect of UK insurance operations, M&G and central operations. Operating profit for central operations includes amounts for corporate expenditure for Group Head Office as well as Asia Regional Head Office which is incurred in HK dollars.
(4) 
For shareholders’ funds, the US dollar grouping includes US dollar denominated core structural borrowings. Sterling operating profits include all interest payable as sterling denominated, reflecting interest rate currency swaps in place.
 
 
C Reconciliation between IFRS and EEV shareholders’ funds
 
The table below shows the reconciliation of EEV shareholders’ funds and IFRS shareholders’ funds at the end of the period:
 
 
2017 £m
 
2016 £m
 
30 Jun
 
30 Jun
31 Dec
EEV shareholders’ funds
40,520
 
34,981
38,968
Less: Value of in-force business of long-term businessnote (a)
(26,104)
 
(21,785)
(24,937)
Deferred acquisition costs assigned zero value for EEV purposes
9,076
 
8,068
9,170
Othernote (b)
(8,043)
 
(6,659)
(8,535)
IFRS shareholders’ funds
15,449
 
14,605
14,666
 
Notes
(a)
The EEV shareholders’ funds comprises the present value of the shareholders’ interest in the value of in-force business, net worth of long-term business operations and IFRS shareholders’ funds of asset management and other operations. The value of in-force business reflects the present value of future shareholder cash flows from long-term in-force business which are not captured as shareholders’ interest on an IFRS basis. Net worth represents the net assets for EEV reporting purposes that reflect the regulatory basis position, sometimes with adjustments to achieve consistency with the IFRS treatment of certain items.
 
(b)
Other adjustments represent asset and liability valuation differences between IFRS and the local regulatory reporting basis used to value net worth for long-term insurance operations. For the UK, this would be the difference between IFRS and Solvency II.
 
It also includes the mark to market of the Group’s core borrowings which are fair valued under EEV but not IFRS. The most significant valuation differences relate to changes in the valuation of insurance liabilities. For example, in Jackson where IFRS liabilities are higher than the local regulatory basis as they are principally based on policyholder account balances (with a deferred acquisition costs recognised as an asset) whereas the local regulatory basis used for EEV is based on future cash flows due to the policyholder on a prudent basis with consideration of an expense allowance as applicable, but with no separate deferred acquisition cost asset.
 
 
D Reconciliation of APE new business sales to earned premiums
 
The Group reports annual premium equivalent (APE) new business sales as a measure of the new policies sold in the period. This differs from the IFRS measure of premiums earned as shown below:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2017 £m
 
2016 £m
 
Half year
 
Half year
Full year
Annual premium equivalents (APE) as published
3,624
 
2,980
6,320
Adjustment to include 100% of single premiums on new business sold in the periodnote (a)
15,286
 
12,379
25,057
Contribution from the sold Korea life business
-
 
88
192
Premiums from in-force business and other adjustmentsnote (b)
3,195
 
2,891
7,412
Gross premiums earned
22,105
 
18,338
38,981
Outward reinsurance premiums
(947)
 
(944)
(2,020)
Earned premiums, net of reinsurance as shown in the IFRS financial statements
21,158
 
17,394
36,961
 
Notes
(a)
APE new business sales only include one tenth of single premiums, recorded on policies sold in the period. Gross premiums earned include 100 per cent of such premiums.
(b)
Other adjustments principally include amounts in respect of the following:
-
Gross premiums earned include premiums from existing in-force business as well as new business. The most significant amount is recorded in Asia, where a significant portion of regular premium business is written. Asia in-force premiums form the vast majority of the other adjustment amount;
-
APE includes new policies written in the period which are classified as investment contracts without discretionary participation features under IFRS 4, arising mainly in Jackson for guaranteed investment contracts and in the UK for certain unit-linked savings and similar contracts. These are excluded from gross premiums earned and recorded as deposits;
-
APE new business sales are annualised while gross premiums earned are recorded only when revenues are due; and
-
For the purpose of reporting APE new business sales, we include the Group’s share of amounts sold by the Group’s insurance joint ventures and associates. Under IFRS, joint ventures and associates are equity accounted and so no amounts are included within gross premiums earned.
 
SIGNATURES
 
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
 
 
Date: 10 August 2017
 
 
PRUDENTIAL PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY
 
 
 
By: /s/ Mark FitzPatrick
 
 
 
Mark FitzPatrick
 
Chief Financial Officer